PDAFT-HID-Keyboard/source/libraries/USBKeyboardMiku/USB-ID-FAQ.txt

Version 2009-08-22

==========================
WHY DO WE NEED THESE IDs?
==========================

USB is more than a low level protocol for data transport. It also defines a
common set of requests which must be understood by all devices. And as part
of these common requests, the specification defines data structures, the
USB Descriptors, which are used to describe the properties of the device.

From the perspective of an operating system, it is therefore possible to find
out basic properties of a device (such as e.g. the manufacturer and the name
of the device) without a device-specific driver. This is essential because
the operating system can choose a driver to load based on this information
(Plug-And-Play).

Among the most important properties in the Device Descriptor are the USB
Vendor- and Product-ID. Both are 16 bit integers. The most simple form of
driver matching is based on these IDs. The driver announces the Vendor- and
Product-IDs of the devices it can handle and the operating system loads the
appropriate driver when the device is connected.

It is obvious that this technique only works if the pair Vendor- plus
Product-ID is unique: Only devices which require the same driver can have the
same pair of IDs.


=====================================================
HOW DOES THE USB STANDARD ENSURE THAT IDs ARE UNIQUE?
=====================================================

Since it is so important that USB IDs are unique, the USB Implementers Forum,
Inc. (usb.org) needs a way to enforce this legally. It is not forbidden by
law to build a device and assign it any random numbers as IDs. Usb.org
therefore needs an agreement to regulate the use of USB IDs. The agreement
binds only parties who agreed to it, of course. Everybody else is free to use
any numbers for their IDs.

So how can usb.org ensure that every manufacturer of USB devices enters into
an agreement with them? They do it via trademark licensing. Usb.org has
registered the trademark "USB", all associated logos and related terms. If
you want to put an USB logo on your product or claim that it is USB
compliant, you must license these trademarks from usb.org. And this is where
you enter into an agreement. See the "USB-IF Trademark License Agreement and
Usage Guidelines for the USB-IF Logo" at
http://www.usb.org/developers/logo_license/.

Licensing the USB trademarks requires that you buy a USB Vendor-ID from
usb.org (one-time fee of ca. 2,000 USD), that you become a member of usb.org
(yearly fee of ca. 4,000 USD) and that you meet all the technical
specifications from the USB spec.

This means that most hobbyists and small companies will never be able to
become USB compliant, just because membership is so expensive. And you can't
be compliant with a driver based on V-USB anyway, because the AVR's port pins
don't meet the electrical specifications for USB. So, in principle, all
hobbyists and small companies are free to choose any random numbers for their
IDs. They have nothing to lose...

There is one exception worth noting, though: If you use a sub-component which
implements USB, the vendor of the sub-components may guarantee USB
compliance. This might apply to some or all of FTDI's solutions.


=======================================================================
WHY SHOULD YOU OBTAIN USB IDs EVEN IF YOU DON'T LICENSE USB TRADEMARKS?
=======================================================================

You have learned in the previous section that you are free to choose any
numbers for your IDs anyway. So why not do exactly this? There is still the
technical issue. If you choose IDs which are already in use by somebody else,
operating systems will load the wrong drivers and your device won't work.
Even if you choose IDs which are not currently in use, they may be in use in
the next version of the operating system or even after an automatic update.

So what you need is a pair of Vendor- and Product-IDs for which you have the
guarantee that no USB compliant product uses them. This implies that no
operating system will ever ship with drivers responsible for these IDs.


==============================================
HOW DOES OBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENT HANDLE USB IDs?
==============================================

Objective Development gives away pairs of USB-IDs with their V-USB licenses.
In order to ensure that these IDs are unique, Objective Development has an
agreement with the company/person who has bought the USB Vendor-ID from
usb.org. This agreement ensures that a range of USB Product-IDs is reserved
for assignment by Objective Development and that the owner of the Vendor-ID
won't give it to anybody else.

This means that you have to trust three parties to ensure uniqueness of
your IDs:

  - Objective Development, that they don't give the same PID to more than
    one person.
  - The owner of the Vendor-ID that they don't assign PIDs from the range
    assigned to Objective Development to anybody else.
  - Usb.org that they don't assign the same Vendor-ID a second time.


==================================
WHO IS THE OWNER OF THE VENDOR-ID?
==================================

Objective Development has obtained ranges of USB Product-IDs under two
Vendor-IDs: Under Vendor-ID 5824 from Wouter van Ooijen (Van Ooijen
Technische Informatica, www.voti.nl) and under Vendor-ID 8352 from Jason
Kotzin (Clay Logic, www.claylogic.com). Both VID owners have received their
Vendor-ID directly from usb.org.


=========================================================================
CAN I USE USB-IDs FROM OBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENT WITH OTHER DRIVERS/HARDWARE?
=========================================================================

The short answer is: Yes. All you get is a guarantee that the IDs are never
assigned to anybody else. What more do you need?


============================
WHAT ABOUT SHARED ID PAIRS?
============================

Objective Development has reserved some PID/VID pairs for shared use. You
have no guarantee of uniqueness for them, except that no USB compliant device
uses them. In order to avoid technical problems, we must ensure that all
devices with the same pair of IDs use the same driver on kernel level. For
details, see the file USB-IDs-for-free.txt.


======================================================
I HAVE HEARD THAT SUB-LICENSING OF USB-IDs IS ILLEGAL?
======================================================

A 16 bit integer number cannot be protected by copyright laws. It is not
sufficiently complex. And since none of the parties involved entered into the
USB-IF Trademark License Agreement, we are not bound by this agreement. So
there is no reason why it should be illegal to sub-license USB-IDs.


=============================================
WHO IS LIABLE IF THERE ARE INCOMPATIBILITIES?
=============================================

Objective Development disclaims all liabilities which might arise from the
assignment of IDs. If you guarantee product features to your customers
without proper disclaimer, YOU are liable for that.