asterisk

The Asterisk Open Source PBX
by Mark Spencer
and the Asterisk.org developer community

Copyright (C) 2001-2005 Digium, Inc.
and other copyright holders.
================================================================

* SECURITY
It is imperative that you read and fully understand the contents of
the SECURITY file before you attempt to configure and run an Asterisk
server.

* WHAT IS ASTERISK ?
Asterisk is an Open Source PBX and telephony toolkit. It is, in a
sense, middleware between Internet and telephony channels on the bottom,
and Internet and telephony applications at the top. For more information
on the project itself, please visit the Asterisk home page at:

http://www.asterisk.org

In addition you'll find lots of information compiled by the Asterisk
community on this Wiki:

http://www.voip-info.org/wiki-Asterisk

There is a book on Asterisk published by O'Reilly under the
Creative Commons License. It is available in book stores as well
as in a downloadable version on the http://www.asteriskdocs.org
web site.

* SUPPORTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

== Linux ==
The Asterisk Open Source PBX is developed and tested primarily on the
GNU/Linux operating system, and is supported on every major GNU/Linux
distribution.

== Others ==
Asterisk has also been 'ported' and reportedly runs properly on other
operating systems as well, including Sun Solaris, Apple's Mac OS X, and
the BSD variants.

* GETTING STARTED

First, be sure you've got supported hardware (but note that you don't need
ANY special hardware, not even a soundcard) to install and run Asterisk.

Supported telephony hardware includes:

* All Wildcard (tm) products from Digium (www.digium.com)
* QuickNet Internet PhoneJack and LineJack (http://www.quicknet.net)
* any full duplex sound card supported by ALSA or OSS
* VoiceTronix OpenLine products

The are several drivers for ISDN BRI cards available from third party sources.
Check the voip-info.org wiki for more information on chan_capi, chan_misdn and
zaphfc.

* UPGRADING FROM VERSION 1.0

If you are updating from a previous version of Asterisk, make sure you
read the UPGRADE.txt file in the source directory. There are some files
and configuration options that you will have to change, even though we
made every effort possible to maintain backwards compatibility.

In order to discover new features to use, please check the configuration
examples in the /configs directory of the source code distribution.
To discover the major new features of Asterisk 1.2, please visit
http://edvina.net/asterisk1-2/

* NEW INSTALLATIONS

Ensure that your system contains a compatible compiler and development
libraries. Asterisk requires either the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) version
3.0 or higher, or a compiler that supports the C99 specification and some of
the gcc language extensions. In addition, your system needs to have the C
library headers available, and the headers and libraries for OpenSSL,
ncurses and zlib.
On many distributions, these files are installed by packages with names like
'glibc-devel', 'ncurses-devel', 'openssl-devel' and 'zlib-devel' or similar.

So let's proceed:

1) Run "make"

Assuming the build completes successfully:

2) Run "make install"

Each time you update or checkout from CVS, you are strongly encouraged
to ensure all previous object files are removed to avoid internal
inconsistency in Asterisk. Normally, this is automatically done with
the presence of the file .cleancount, which increments each time a 'make clean'
is required, and the file .lastclean, which contains the last .cleancount used.

If this is your first time working with Asterisk, you may wish to install
the sample PBX, with demonstration extensions, etc. If so, run:

3) "make samples"

Doing so will overwrite any existing config files you have.

Finally, you can launch Asterisk in the foreground mode (not a daemon)
with:

# asterisk -vvvc

You'll see a bunch of verbose messages fly by your screen as Asterisk
initializes (that's the "very very verbose" mode). When it's ready, if
you specified the "c" then you'll get a command line console, that looks
like this:

*CLI>

You can type "help" at any time to get help with the system. For help
with a specific command, type "help ". To start the PBX using
your sound card, you can type "dial" to dial the PBX. Then you can use
"answer", "hangup", and "dial" to simulate the actions of a telephone.
Remember that if you don't have a full duplex sound card (and Asterisk
will tell you somewhere in its verbose messages if you do/don't) then it
won't work right (not yet).

"man asterisk" at the Unix/Linux command prompt will give you detailed
information on how to start and stop Asterisk, as well as all the command
line options for starting Asterisk.

Feel free to look over the configuration files in /etc/asterisk, where
you'll find a lot of information about what you can do with Asterisk.

* ABOUT CONFIGURATION FILES

All Asterisk configuration files share a common format. Comments are
delimited by ';' (since '#' of course, being a DTMF digit, may occur in
many places). A configuration file is divided into sections whose names
appear in []'s. Each section typically contains two types of statements,
those of the form 'variable = value', and those of the form 'object =>
parameters'. Internally the use of '=' and '=>' is exactly the same, so
they're used only to help make the configuration file easier to
understand, and do not affect how it is actually parsed.

Entries of the form 'variable=value' set the value of some parameter in
asterisk. For example, in zapata.conf, one might specify:

switchtype=national

in order to indicate to Asterisk that the switch they are connecting to is
of the type "national". In general, the parameter will apply to
instantiations which occur below its specification. For example, if the
configuration file read:

switchtype = national
channel => 1-4
channel => 10-12
switchtype = dms100
channel => 25-47

the "national" switchtype would be applied to channels one through
four and channels 10 through 12, whereas the "dms100" switchtype would
apply to channels 25 through 47.

The "object => parameters" instantiates an object with the given
parameters. For example, the line "channel => 25-47" creates objects for
the channels 25 through 47 of the card, obtaining the settings
from the variables specified above.

* NETWORK SECURITY DEVICES

This release of Asterisk contains support for network security devices
manufactured by Ranch Networks, Inc., using their MIDCOM interface
library. You will need the companion libmidcom-0.1.0.tar.gz file to
build the library. Contact Ranch Networks' support department for assistance
in building and configuring MIDCOM support.

* SPECIAL NOTE ON TIME

Those using SIP phones should be aware that Asterisk is sensitive to
large jumps in time. Manually changing the system time using date(1)
(or other similar commands) may cause SIP registrations and other
internal processes to fail. If your system cannot keep accurate time
by itself use NTP (http://www.ntp.org/) to keep the system clock
synchronized to "real time". NTP is designed to keep the system clock
synchronized by speeding up or slowing down the system clock until it
is synchronized to "real time" rather than by jumping the time and
causing discontinuities. Most Linux distributions include precompiled
versions of NTP. Beware of some time synchronization methods that get
the correct real time periodically and then manually set the system
clock.

Apparent time changes due to daylight savings time are just that,
apparent. The use of daylight savings time in a Linux system is
purely a user interface issue and does not affect the operation of the
Linux kernel or Asterisk. The system clock on Linux kernels operates
on UTC. UTC does not use daylight savings time.

Also note that this issue is separate from the clocking of TDM
channels, and is known to at least affect SIP registrations.

* FILE DESCRIPTORS

Depending on the size of your system and your configuration,
Asterisk can consume a large number of file descriptors. In UNIX,
file descriptors are used for more than just files on disk. File
descriptors are also used for handling network communication
(e.g. SIP, IAX2, or H.323 calls) and hardware access (e.g. analog and
digital trunk hardware). Asterisk accesses many on-disk files for
everything from configuration information to voicemail storage.

Most systems limit the number of file descriptors that Asterisk can
have open at one time. This can limit the number of simultaneous
calls that your system can handle. For example, if the limit is set
at 1024 (a common default value) Asterisk can handle approxiately 150
SIP calls simultaneously. To change the number of file descriptors
follow the instructions for your system below:

== PAM-based Linux System ==

If your system uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) edit
/etc/security/limits.conf. Add these lines to the bottom of the file:

root soft nofile 4096
root hard nofile 8196
asterisk soft nofile 4096
asterisk hard nofile 8196

(adjust the numbers to taste). You may need to reboot the system for
these changes to take effect.

== Generic UNIX System ==

If there are no instructions specifically adapted to your system
above you can try adding the command "ulimit -n 8192" to the script
that starts Asterisk.

* MORE INFORMATION

See the doc directory for more documentation on various features. Again,
please read all the configuration samples that include documentation on
the configuration options.

Finally, you may wish to visit the web site and join the mailing list if
you're interested in getting more information.

http://www.asterisk.org/support

Welcome to the growing worldwide community of Asterisk users!

Mark Spencer