reduce-historical/r38/packages/tri/tri.tex

\relax
% **********************************************************************
% ****                                                              ****
% ****   DRAFT: The TeX-REDUCE-Interface                            ****
% ****   Werner Antweiler, University of Cologne, August 1, 1988    ****
% ****                                                              ****
% **********************************************************************
\magnification=1200
\hoffset=10truemm\hsize=16truecm\vsize=10truein
\tolerance 1500 \hbadness=800
\parindent=12pt \parskip=0pt \displayindent=30pt
\baselineskip=12pt plus0.1pt minus0.2pt
\newdimen\narrowskip \narrowskip=10pt
% Make Use of 12pt-Fonts Default
%
\font\caps=cmcsc10
\font\smallcaps=cmcsc10 at 10truept
\font\small=cmr8
\font\smallit=cmti8
\font\smallbf=cmbx8
\font\smalltt=cmtt8
\font\big=cmbx10 at 15pt
%
\catcode`\"=\active \let"=\" \let\3=\ss
\def\zB{z.B.\ }
\def\D{\char'042}
\def\B{\char'134}
% -----------
% Hilfsmacros
% -----------
\def\ttq{\par\vskip3.6135pt\begingroup\baselineskip=14.454pt
\parindent=30pt\parskip=0pt\let\par=\endgraf\obeyspaces\obeylines\tt\ttf}
{\obeylines\gdef\ttf^^M#1\endtt{\vbox{#1}\endgroup\par\noindent}}
{\obeyspaces\gdef {\ }}
\def\iq#1{{\it#1\/}}
\def\quote{\par\begingroup\leftskip=\parindent
 \baselineskip=9.03pt\small\noindent}
\def\endquote{\par\endgroup\par}
\def\today{\ifcase\month\or January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or
June\or July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
\space\number\day, \number\year}
\def\endpage{\par\vfill\eject}
\newcount\Defcount \Defcount=0
\def\Def#1\par{\global\advance\Defcount by1\par
\vskip3.6135pt{\baselineskip=14.454pt
\noindent\bf Definition \the\Defcount:\sl\enspace#1\par}}
\let\YY=\let % now you can send the control sequence \YY
\newcount\Figcount \Figcount=0
\def\VFig{\vFig\smalltt}
\def\VVFig{\vFig\tt}
\def\vFig#1{\midinsert\global\advance\Figcount by 1
   \message{[Fig. \the\Figcount]}
   \vbox\bgroup
     \hrule height.6pt
     \hbox to\hsize\bgroup
       \vrule width.6pt \hskip 9.4pt
       \vbox\bgroup
         \advance\hsize by-20pt \line{}
         \vskip 9.4pt \nointerlineskip
         \let\vtt=#1\verbatim}
\def\endVFig#1:#2\par{\vskip 9.4pt
       \egroup \hss \vrule width.6pt
     \egroup \hrule height.6pt
     \vskip3pt\baselineskip=\narrowskip
     \noindent\smallbf Fig. \the\Figcount: #1.
     \small #2\par
   \egroup\endinsert}
% ------------------
% Fussnotensteuerung
% ------------------
\newcount\notenumber\notenumber=0
\def\vfootnote#1{\insert\footins\bgroup
  \interlinepenalty=\interfootnotelinepenalty
  \splittopskip=\ht\strutbox \splitmaxdepth=\dp\strutbox
  \floatingpenalty=20000 \leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt
  \spaceskip=0pt \xspaceskip=0pt
  \item{#1}\footstrut\futurelet\next\fooot}
\def\fooot{\ifcat\bgroup\noexpand\next\let\next\foooot
           \else\let\next\foot\fi\next}
\def\foooot{\bgroup\aftergroup\oofoot\let\next}
\def\foot#1{#1\oofoot}
\def\oofoot{\strut\egroup}
\def\note#1{\global\advance\notenumber by1
\begingroup\small\baselineskip=\narrowskip
\setbox\strutbox=\hbox{\vrule height7.0pt depth3.0pt width0pt}%
\footnote{$^{\the\notenumber}$}{\bgroup\small\baselineskip=\narrowskip
#1\egroup}\endgroup}
% -----------------------------------
% Seitenkopf und Fusszeilen-Steuerung
% -----------------------------------
\pageno=1
\headline={\ifnum\pageno=1\hfill\else\hfill\rm---\ \folio\ ---\hfill\fi}
\footline={\hfil}
% ------------------
% Inhaltsverzeichnis
% ------------------
\let\ZZ=\let % now you can send the control sequence \ZZ
\newcount\seccount \seccount=0
\newcount\subseccount \subseccount=0
\newcount\subsubseccount \subsubseccount=0
\def\secnum{\number\seccount%
\ifnum\subseccount=0\else.\number\subseccount\fi%
\ifnum\subsubseccount=0\else.\number\subsubseccount\fi}
% --------
% Textteil
% --------
\newbox\secbox
\def\secindent#1#2#3{\par\bigskip\begingroup
   \message{\secnum #1}\setbox\secbox=\hbox{#3\secnum\hskip1.5em}
   \hangafter=1\hangindent=\wd\secbox\baselineskip=\ht\secbox
   \advance\baselineskip by5pt
    \noindent #3\box\secbox#1
   \par\endgroup\nobreak\smallskip
   \nobreak\smallskip\vskip-\parskip\noindent}
\def\sec#1\par{\global\advance\seccount by1\global\subseccount=0
   \global\subsubseccount=0\secindent{#1}{0}\bf}
\def\subsec#1\par{\global\advance\subseccount by1
   \global\subsubseccount=0\secindent{#1}{1}\bf}
\def\subsubsec#1\par{\global\advance\subsubseccount by1
   \secindent{#1}{2}\bf}
% --------------
% Spezial Makros
% --------------
\def\center{\vskip\parskip\begingroup
            \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt plus 1pt
            \rightskip=0pt plus 1fill \leftskip=0pt plus 1fill
            \obeylines}
\def\endcenter{\endgroup}
\def\flushleft{\vskip\parskip\begingroup
            \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt plus 1pt
            \rightskip=0pt plus 1fill \leftskip=0pt
            \obeylines}
\def\endflushleft{\endgroup}
\def\flushright{\vskip\parskip\begingroup
            \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt plus 1pt
            \rightskip=0pt \leftskip=0pt plus 1fill
            \obeylines}
\def\endflushright{\endgroup}
\def\itemize#1{\par\begingroup\parindent=#1}
\def\litem#1{\par\hang\noindent\hbox to \parindent{#1\hfil}}
\def\ritem#1{\par\hang\noindent\hbox to \parindent{\hfil#1\enspace}}
\def\sitemize#1{\par\begingroup\parindent=#1\baselineskip=\narrowskip\small}
\def\enditemize{\par\endgroup\par}
\def\bitem{\ritem{$\bullet$}}
% ------------
% Mathe-Makros
% ------------
\newcount\eqcount \eqcount=0
\newcount\eqoffcount
\def\adveq{\global\advance\eqcount by1}
\def\eqcon{\adveq(\number\eqcount)}
\def\eqco{\eqno{\eqcon}}
\def\ceqc#1{(\number\eqcount.#1)}
\def\ceqalign{\adveq\eqalignno}
\def\eqoff#1{\eqoffcount=\eqcount\advance\eqoffcount by-#1%
(\the\eqoffcount)}
\catcode`\*=\active \def*{\ifmmode\cdot\else\char'52\fi}
% Spezialmakros
\def\aut#1 \ttl#2 \pub#3 \ref#4 \dat#5 \inx#6 \^^M{\par
{\baselineskip=\narrowskip
 \parindent=24pt\hang\noindent{\smallcaps#1}\small\ (#6) #2. #3, #5%
 \ifx\\#4\else, #4\fi.\par}\medskip\penalty0}
\def\example{\par\vskip5pt\flushleft\tt\parindent=50pt}
\def\endexample{\endflushleft\vskip5pt\noindent\ignorespaces}
\def\i#1{{\it #1\/}}
\def\t#1{{\tt #1}}
\def\VAX{$\mu$VAX-I\kern-0.1em I}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Verbatim Mode Macros
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12}\dospecials\do\"}
\let\vtt=\tt
\def\setupverbatim{\vtt\Obeylines\uncatcodespecials\obeyspaces}
\def\newlinepar{~\par}
{\catcode`\^^M=\active % these lines must end with `%'
  \gdef\Obeylines{\catcode`\^^M=\active\def^^M{\newlinepar}}}%
{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ }
\def\verbatim{\par\begingroup\parskip=0pt plus 1pt
              \ifx\vtt\smalltt\baselineskip=10pt\fi
              \setupverbatim\doverbatim}
{\catcode`\|=0 \catcode`\\=12
 |Obeylines|gdef|doverbatim^^M#1\endverbatim{#1|endgroup}}
\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverbatim\doverb}
\def\doverb#1{\def\next##1#1{##1\endgroup}\next}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% REDUCE-LISP Programming Language Documentation
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\newdimen\xindent \dimen\xindent=15pt
\catcode`\@=\active
\def\@{\char'100}
\def@{\hskip\dimen\xindent\ignorespaces}
\def\gets{$\leftarrow$}
\def\\#1/{{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
\def\&#1&{{\bf#1\/}}           % boldface type for reserved words
\def\.#1.{{\tt#1\/}}           % typewriter type for strings
\def\!#1!{{\rm$\langle$ #1 $\rangle$\/}}   % roman for operations
\def\[#1]{{\rm$\{$ #1 $\}$}}   % comments in roman
\def\DOC{\midinsert\global\advance\Figcount by 1
   \message{[Fig. \the\Figcount]}
   \vbox\bgroup
     \hrule height.6pt
     \hbox to\hsize\bgroup
       \vrule width.6pt \hskip 9.4pt
       \vbox\bgroup
         \advance\hsize by-20pt \line{}
         \vskip 9.4pt \nointerlineskip
         \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt plus 1pt
             \rightskip=0pt plus 1fill \leftskip=0pt
             \begingroup\obeylines}
\def\endDOC{\endgroup\endDoc}
\def\endDoc#1:#2\par{\vskip 9.4pt
       \egroup \hss \vrule width.6pt
     \egroup \hrule height.6pt
     \vskip3pt\baselineskip=\narrowskip
     \noindent\smallbf Fig. \the\Figcount: #1.\ \small#2\par
   \egroup\endinsert}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Titel
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\line{}
\vskip10mm
\center\big\baselineskip=24pt
Typesetting REDUCE output with \TeX
--- A REDUCE-\TeX-Interface ---
\endcenter
\vskip13mm
\center\baselineskip=12pt
\smallcaps Werner Antweiler
\smallcaps Andreas Strotmann
\smallcaps Volker Winkelmann
\small University of Cologne Computer Center, West Germany{\parindent=12pt%
\note{The authors are with: %
Rechenzentrum der Universit"at zu K"oln (University of Cologne %
Computer Center), %
Abt. Anwendungssoftware (Application Software Department), %
Robert-Koch-Stra\3e 10, 5000 K"oln 41, West Germany.}}
\small\today
\endcenter
\vskip15mm
\begingroup\narrower\narrower\baselineskip=\narrowskip
\noindent\smallbf Abstract: \small
REDUCE is a well known computer algebra system invented by
Anthony C. Hearn.
Although a pretty-printer is already incorporated in REDUCE,
the output is produced only in line-printer quality.
The simple idea to produce high quality output from REDUCE
is to link REDUCE with Donald E. Knuth's famous \TeX\ typesetting
language. This draft reviews our efforts in this direction.
We introduce a program written in REDUCE-Lisp which is able to typeset REDUCE
formulas using \TeX. Our REDUCE-\TeX-Interface incorporates three
levels of \TeX\ output: without line breaking, with line breaking,
and with line breaking plus indentation. This paper deals with
some of the ideas we have put into LISP-code and it summarizes some of our
experiments we have made with it yet. Furthermore, we compile a small
user's manual introducing to the use of our REDUCE-\TeX-Interface.
\par\bigskip
\noindent\smallbf Keywords: \small
Line-Breaking Algorithm, LISP, Prefix-to-Infix Conversion,
REDUCE, \TeX, Typesetting
\par\endgroup\vskip10mm
\rm
%begin(text)
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Introduction\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
REDUCE is a well known computer algebra system invented by
Anthony C. Hearn. While every effort was made to improve
the system's algebraic capabilities, the readability of the
output remained poor by modern typesetting standards.
Although a pretty-printer is already incorporated in REDUCE,
the output is produced only in line-printer quality.
The simple idea to produce high quality output from REDUCE
is to link REDUCE with Donald E. Knuth's famous \TeX\ typesetting
language. This draft reviews our efforts in this direction.
We introduce a program written in REDUCE-Lisp to typeset REDUCE
formulas with \TeX. Our REDUCE-\TeX-Interface incorporates three
levels of \TeX\ output: without line breaking, with line breaking,
and with line breaking plus indentation. While speed
without line breaking is comparable to that achieved with
REDUCE's pretty-printer, line breaking consumes much more CPU time.
Nevertheless, we reckon with a cost increase due to line breaking
which is almost linear in the length of the expression to be broken.
This paper deals with some of the ideas and algorithms we have
programmed and it summarizes some of the experiments we have made
with our program.
Furthermore, at the end of this paper we provide a small user's manual
which gives a short introduction to the use of our REDUCE-\TeX-Interface.
For simplicity's sake the name ``REDUCE-\TeX-Interface'' will be
abbreviated to ``TRI'' in this paper.\note{The reason why it was called
TRI and not RTI is simply due to the fact that TRI corresponds better
to the three-level (``tri-level'') mode.}
At this point we should mention major goals we pursue with TRI:
\bitem We want to produce REDUCE-output in typesetting quality.\par
\bitem The intermediate files (\TeX-input files) should be easy to edit.
       The reason is that it is likely that the proposed
       line-breaks are sub-optimal from the user's point of view.\par
\bitem We apply a \TeX-like algorithm which ``optimizes''
       the line-breaking over the whole expression. This differs
       fundamentally from the standard left-to-right, one-line look-ahead
       pretty-printers of REDUCE, LISP and the like.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec From REDUCE to \TeX: concepts\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
REDUCE uses the function \t{varpri} to decide how to output a REDUCE
expression. The function gets three arguments: the expression to be
printed, a list of variables to each of which the expression to be
printed gets assigned, and a flag which determines if the expression to be
printed is the first, last or only expression in the line. \t{varpri}
may be called consecutively for preparing a line for output. So, our
task is to assemble all expressions before finally printing them.
When !*TeX is true, \t{varpri} redirects output to our function
\t{TeXvarpri}, which receives a REDUCE expression, translates it into
\TeX\ and pushes it onto a variable called \t{TeXStack*} before
eventually printing it once the line is completed.\par
The \t{TeXvarpri} function first calls a function named \t{makeprefix}.
Its job is to change a REDUCE algebraic expression to a standard prefix list
while retaining the tree structure of the whole expression. Generally, this
is done using a call \t{prepsq*(simp(expression))}, but lists and
matrices need some special treatment. After this has been done the
new intermediate expression is passed to the most important module
of the TRI: the \t{mktag/makefunc}-family.\note{The whole family currently
has five members. The ``parents'' are the mktag and makefunc
functions which do the most burdensome job. The ``children'' are
\t{makearg, makemat and makeDF} which handle special cases such as
list construnction or differentiation operators. We do not review
the minor functions since they are easily understandable.}
These functions recursively expand the structured list (or operator tree)
into a flat list, translating each REDUCE symbol or
expression into so-called \TeX-items on passing by.
For that reason, this list is called the \TeX-item list.
If the simple \TeX-mode (without line breaking) was chosen this list
is then printed immediately without further considerations.
Translation and printing this way is almost as fast as with
the standard REDUCE pretty printer.\par
When line-breaking has been enabled things get a bit more complicated.
The greatest effort with TRI was to implement the line-breaking
algorithm. More than half of the entire TRI code deals with this
task.
The ultimate goal is to add some ``break items'', i.e. \verb|\nl|-%
\TeX-commands\note{This is not a \TeX-primitive but a TRI-specific
\TeX-macro command which expands into a lot of stuff.},
marking --- in a certain way --- optimal line-breaks.
Additionally, these break items can be followed immediately by
``indentation items'', i.e. \verb|\OFF{...}| \TeX-commands\note{see
previous footnote}, specifying
the amount of indentation applicable for the next new line.
The problem is to choose the right points where to insert these
special \TeX-items. Therefore, the \TeX-item list undergoes
three further transformation steps.\par
First, the \TeX-item list gets enlarged by so-called ``glue items''.
Glue items are two-element lists, where the first element is a width
info and the second element is a penalty info. The ``penalty'' is
a value in the range $-10000\ldots+10000$ indicating a mark-up on a
potential break-point, thus determining if this point is a
fairly good (if negative) or bad (if positive) choice.
The amount of penalty depends (a) on the kind of \TeX-items
surrounding the glue item, (b) on the bracket nesting, and finally
(c) on special characteristics.\note{For example, the plus-  and
the difference operator have special impact on the amount of
penalty.} The function handling this job is named
\t{insertglue} which implicitly calls the function
\t{interglue}. The latter determines the glue item to insert
between a left and a right \TeX-item.\par
During the second level, the \TeX-item list becomes transformed
into a so-called breaklist consisting of active and passive nodes.
A passive node is simply a width info giving the total width of
\TeX-items not interspersed by glue items. On the other hand,
active nodes are glue items enlarged by a third element, the
offset info, indicating an indentation level which is used later
for computing the actual amount of indentation.
Active nodes are used as potential breakpoints.
Moreover, while creating the breaklist, the \TeX-item list will be
modified if necessary according to the length of fractions and square
roots which cannot be broken if retained in their ``classical''
form. Hence fractions look like \t{(...)/(...)} if they don't fit
into a single line, especially in the case of large polynomial fractions.
The major function for this job is named \t{breaklist} which
calls \t{resolve} if necessary.
\par
The third and most important level is the line-breaking algorithm
itself. This algorithm embedded in the function \t{trybreak}
will be described below. The idea how to break lines is based
on the article by Knuth/Plass(1981). Line-breaking can occur at
active nodes only. So, you can loop through the breaklist considering
all potential break-points. But in order to find a suitable way
in a reasonable amount of time you have to limit the number of
potential breakpoints considered. This is performed by associating
a ``badness'' with each potential breakpoint, describing how
good looking or bad looking a line turns out. If the badness is less than
a given amount of ``tolerance'' --- as set by the user ---
then an active node is considered to be feasible and becomes
a delta node. A delta node is simply an active node enlarged
by four further infos: an identification number for this node,
a pointer to the best feasible break-point (i.e. delta-node) to come from%
\note{If one were to break the formula at this delta-node, the
best place to start this line  is given by this pointer.}
the total amount of demerits (i.e. a compound value derived from
badness and penalty) accumulated so far, and a value indicating
the amount of indentation applied to a new line beginning at this
node.
When \t{trybreak} has stepped through the list, the breakpoints
will have been determined. Afterwards all glue items (i.e. active nodes)
are deleted from the \TeX-item list while break- and indentation-%
items for those nodes marked as break-points are inserted.
\par
Finally the \TeX-item list is printed with regular ASCII-characters.
We didn't put much emphasis on the question on how to format the
intermediate output since it will be input directly into
\TeX. The best way to characterize the routine \t{texout}
is to call it quick and dirty. The readabiltiy of the output
is low, but it may be quite good enough for users
to do some final editing work.
Nevertheless, \t{texout} keeps the nesting structure of the term
visible when printed, so it will be easy to distinguish between
parenthesis levels simply by considering the amount of indentation.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Creating a \TeX-item list\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The first \TeX-specific step in preparing a typesettable  equivalent
of a REDUCE expression is to expand the operator tree generated by
REDUCE into a so-called \TeX-item list. The operator tree is
preprocessed by \t{makeprefix} in order to receive an operator tree
in standard prefix notation. A \TeX-item is either a character (letter or
digit or special character) or a \TeX-primitive
or -macro (i.e. a LISP symbol), with properties \t{'CLASS}, \t{'TEXTAG},
\t{'TEXNAME} and (only if the item represents an operator)
\t{'TEXPREC}, \t{'TEXPATT} and  \t{'TEXUBY}
bound to them, depending on what kind of \TeX-item it actually is.
The latter three properties are used for operators only. \t{'TEXPREC}
is the precedence of the operator, a number between 0 and 999.
Here the value itself is less important than the position with
respect to other operators' precedences. The remaining properties
will be described later.
\par
First let's have a look at how a REDUCE expression arriving at TRI's main
entry --- the function \t{TeXvarpri} --- is transformed through
several levels of TRI-processing. For instance, let us consider
the expression $(x-y)^{12}$, which expands into a polynomial
$x^{12}-12*x^{11}*y+\cdots-12*x*y^{11}+y^{12}$ when evaluated.
REDUCE uses a special form to store an expression. This form is
called ``standard quotient'' because it in fact represents a quotient of two
polynomials. The contents of the following figure 1 shows the
``standard quotient'' form of our example.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
(*SQ ((((X . 12)           .    1)
       ((X . 11) ((Y . 1)  .  -12))
       ((X . 10) ((Y . 2)  .   66))
       ((X . 9)  ((Y . 3)  . -220))
       ((X . 8)  ((Y . 4)  .  495))
       ((X . 7)  ((Y . 5)  . -792))
       ((X . 6)  ((Y . 6)  .  924))
       ((X . 5)  ((Y . 7)  . -792))
       ((X . 4)  ((Y . 8)  .  495))
       ((X . 3)  ((Y . 9)  . -220))
       ((X . 2)  ((Y . 10) .   66))
       ((X . 1)  ((Y . 11) .  -12))
       ((Y . 12)           .    1)
) . 1) T)
\endverbatim
\endVFig Standard Quotient Notation: This form is the way REDUCE represents
terms.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\noindent The term has been indented by hand to retain the structure
of this expression. Actually the denominator is 1 as you easily find out
from the last line.\note{The ``T'' in the last line is an ``already-%
simplified''-flag indicating that the term doesn't need to undergo any more
processing.} Obviously the standard-quotient form is a bit complicated
for further manipulations. It can be changed to a real prefix
notation as displayed in figure 2. Here, too, the term was edited
by hand to make it a bit more readable and comparable to the other
forms.\note{``Edit'' only means we have provided some additional
indentation. We have changed neither the expression nor its structure.}
Note that \t{PLUS} is not a binary but a $n$-ary operator,
i.e. it takes an arbitrary number of arguments, while \t{MINUS} is
always a unary operator.\note{The same problem arises with the
RECIP-operator which is the unary form of the binary QUOTIENT-%
operator.} This causes a bit of trouble because real
binary operators are much easier to handle. To tackle this problem
we have introduced the \t{'TEXUBY} property, which is used to change
a unary into a binary form if possible.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
(PLUS                   (EXPT X 12)
      (MINUS (TIMES  12 (EXPT X 11)       Y   ))
             (TIMES  66 (EXPT X 10) (EXPT Y  2))
      (MINUS (TIMES 220 (EXPT X  9) (EXPT Y  3)))
             (TIMES 495 (EXPT X  8) (EXPT Y  4))
      (MINUS (TIMES 792 (EXPT X  7) (EXPT Y  5)))
             (TIMES 924 (EXPT X  6) (EXPT Y  6))
      (MINUS (TIMES 792 (EXPT X  5) (EXPT Y  7)))
             (TIMES 495 (EXPT X  4) (EXPT Y  8))
      (MINUS (TIMES 220 (EXPT X  3) (EXPT Y  9)))
             (TIMES  66 (EXPT X  2) (EXPT Y 10))
      (MINUS (TIMES  12       X     (EXPT Y 11)))
                                    (EXPT Y 12))
\endverbatim
\endVFig Prefix Notation: This list represents the state after
application of {\smalltt makeprefix}\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
A REDUCE expression is expanded using the two  functions \t{mktag}
and \t{makefunc}. Function \t{mktag} identifies the operator and is
able to put some brackets around the expression if necessary.
\t{makefunc} is a pattern oriented ``unification''\note{in the
terminology of the programming language Prolog} function, which matches
arguments of a REDUCE expression in order of appearance with so-called
``unification tags'', as explained below. Thus, \t{mktag} and
\t{makefunc} are mutually dependent and highly recursive functions.\par
A ``unification tag list'' is a list (or a pattern, if you like)
which consists of single ``unfication tags''.
Each REDUCE operator is associated with a unification pattern.
While expanding the expression, each tag is replaced by the appropiate
\TeX-item or partial \TeX-item list created subsequently.
A tag is defined as either an atom declared  as a \TeX-item or one of
the following:\par\itemize{27mm}\smallskip
\litem{(F)}insert operator
\litem{(X)}insert non-associative argument
\litem{(Y)}insert a left- or right-associative argument
\litem{(Z)}insert superscript/subscript argument
\litem{(R)}use tail recursion to unify remaining arguments (necessary
with operators having more than two arguments, e.g. the plus operator;
associativity depends on previous (X) or (Y) tag)
\litem{(L \i{hs})}insert a list of arguments (eat up all arguments on
passing by); put \i{hs} as a horizontal separator between the arguments
(e.g., a separator could be a comma for simple argument lists.)
\litem{(M \i{vs} \i{hs})}insert a matrix (and eat up all arguments on
passing by); put \i{vs} as a vertical separator and \i{hs} as a
horizontal separator between the rows and columns
\litem{(APPLY \i{fun})}apply function \i{fun} to remaining argument list
\par\enditemize\smallskip
\noindent
These ``tags'' are assembled to a tag-list or pattern, respectively.
For each functor (i.e. the head of a prefix list, e.g. \t{PLUS},
\t{MINUS} or \t{SQRT}) such a list is bound to its property
\t{'TEXPATT}. For instance, the functor \t{PLUS} has got the pattern
\t{((X) (F) (R))} bound to it, and the functor \t{EXPT} possesses the
pattern \verb|((X) ^{ (Z) })|.
The following two boxes with pseudo-code  (figures 3 and 4)
survey the two major functions performing the expansion of a
prefix REDUCE-expression into a TeX-item list.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\&function& \\mktag/(\\tag/,\\outer-precedence/,\\associative/);
\&begin&
@  \&if& \!tag is empty! \&then return nil&
@  \&else if& \!tag is an atom! \&then return& \!get the \TeX-item for%
 \\tag/!
@  \&else begin& \[the tag is a list]
@  @  \\precedence/\gets\!precedence of this tag or 999!
@  @  \[now expand the expression, the first element is the]
@  @  \[functor, the following elements are the arguments]
@  @  \\term/\gets\\makefunc/(\&car& \\tag/,\&cdr& \\tag/,\\precedence/);
@  @  \[check for parentheses: term is surrounded by parentheses in order]
@  @  \[to prevent it from overruling by precedence]
@  @  \&if& (\\associative/ \&and& (\\precedence/ = \\outer-precedence/))
@  @  @   \&or& (\\precedence/ $<$ \\outer-precedence/)
@  @  \&then& \\term/\gets\!put a pair of brackets around \\term/!;
@  @  \&return& \\term/
@  \&end&
\&end&;
\endDOC The function {\smalltt mktag}: This function deals with the
transformation from prefix notation to \TeX\ notation. One important
task of it is to decide whether or not brackets should be placed
around the term.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
At this point, the way we use our LISP pseudo-code should be
explained. Words typeset in boldface are reserved words, e.g.
\&begin& and \&end&. We use a PASCAL-like syntax which is actually
used by REDUCE-Lisp, too, but with a few differences: we use the
word \&function& to indicate that a value is returned\note{REDUCE-Lisp
uses the phrase ``symbolic procedure'' here.}, and
we use \&return& to return the value of the function and therefore
to exit the function. This is in contrast to the use of \t{return}
in REDUCE-Lisp, where \t{return} is used only to return the value
of a begin-end-block. Identifiers are printed in italics. Where
identifiers are used as logical values, e.g. in conditions, they
are either false if their value is \&nil& or true otherwise,
regardless of their exact value. Pseudo-operations are printed
in roman and are put in angle brackets. Comments, too, are printed
in roman but they are put in curly brackets. Assignments are
typeset by the assignment operator \gets, thus indicating the
direction of assignment. Semicolons are used (as in PASCAL and REDUCE) as
separators. In order to improve readability, mathematical expressions
are given in mathematical form instead of real code. Finally,
the operator {\tt ::=} is used to identify a pseudo-code-operation
with its real code. We do not provide proper data type declarations
for variables since this seems to be superfluous in LISP where you
only deal with atoms and lists.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\&function& \\makefunc/(\\functor/,\\argument-list/,\\precedence/);
\&begin&
@  \\term/\gets\&nil&;
@  \\pattern/\gets\!pattern of this functor or default pattern!;
@  \&while& \\pattern/ \&do& \[as long as pattern isn't empty]
@  \&begin&
@  @  \\tag/\gets\&car& \\pattern/;
@  @  \\pattern/\gets\&cdr& \\pattern/;
@  @  \&if& \!\\tag/ is an atom! \&then& \\aux/\gets\&nil&
@  @  \&else if& \!tag is (F)! \&then& \\aux/\gets\!get the \TeX-item for%
  \\functor/!
@  @  \&else if& \!\\argument-list/ is empty! \&then& \\aux/\gets\&nil&
@  @  \&else if& \!tag is (X)! \&then&
@  @  \&begin&
@  @  @  \\aux/\gets\\mktag/(\&car& \\argument-list/,\\precedence/,\&nil&);
@  @  @  \\argument-list/\gets\&cdr& \\argument-list/
@  @  \&end&
@  @  \&else if& \!tag is (Y)! \&then&
@  @  \&begin&
@  @  @  \\aux/\gets\\mktag/(\&car& \\argument-list/,\\precedence/,\&T&);
@  @  @  \\argument-list/\gets\&cdr& \\argument-list/
@  @  \&end&
@  @  \&else if& \!tag is (R)! \&then& \[tail recursive pattern]
@  @  @  \&if cdr& \\argument-list/ \[more than one argument remaining?]
@  @  @  \&then begin&
@  @  @  @  \\pattern/\gets\!pattern for \\functor/!;
@  @  @  @  \\argument-list/\gets\&nil&
@  @  @  \&end&
@  @  @  \&else begin&
@  @  @  @  \\aux/\gets\\mktag/(\&car& \\argument-list/,\\precedence/,%
\&nil&);
@  @  @  @  \\argument-list/\gets\&cdr& \\argument-list/
@  @  @  \&end&
@  @  \&else if& \!tag is (L \\hs/), (M \\vs hs/) or (APPLY xxx)! \&then&
@  @  \&begin&
@  @  @  \\aux/\gets\!result from call to a special routine!;
@  @  @  \\argument-list/\gets\&nil&
@  @  \&end&
@  @  \&else& \\aux/\gets\&nil&;
@  @  \&if& \\aux/ \&then& \!concatenate it to the end of term!
@  \&end&;
@  \&return& \\term/
\&end&;
\endDOC The function {\smalltt makefunc}: As well as the function
{\smalltt mktag} this function performs the prefix-to-\TeX\
notation. Its major task is to ``unify'' operators and their
arguments with predefined patterns in order to build up lists of
\TeX-items.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
You can bind a \TeX-item to any REDUCE atom (except the
operators) you like. This is supported by binding the \TeX-item
to the specific atom by its property \t{'TEXNAME}.
You  can  choose  to  have  some  default  \t{'TEXNAME}
properties for your variables. Function \t{makeset} defines a set of
such default names. At the moment, two sets are provided for greek
and for lowercase letters. Refer to the User's Guide for how you can
use them.\par
But now turn back to the state of modifications our example term
has undergone. With our set of functions we have expanded the prefix form
into a \TeX-item list consisting of single \TeX-items such as
numbers, letters, \TeX-macros, \TeX-primitives and other \TeX\
symbols. The result is shown in figure 5. The \verb|\cdot|
command is the multiplication sign, whereas \verb|^{| indicates
the beginning of a superscript. (The term has been edited by hand
to provide for proper indentation.)\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
(              x ^{ 1 2 }
-   1 2 \cdot  x ^{ 1 1 } \cdot  y
+   6 6 \cdot  x ^{ 1 0 } \cdot  y ^{   2 }
- 2 2 0 \cdot  x ^{   9 } \cdot  y ^{   3 }
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  x ^{   8 } \cdot  y ^{   4 }
- 7 9 2 \cdot  x ^{   7 } \cdot  y ^{   5 }
+ 9 2 4 \cdot  x ^{   6 } \cdot  y ^{   6 }
- 7 9 2 \cdot  x ^{   5 } \cdot  y ^{   7 }
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  x ^{   4 } \cdot  y ^{   8 }
- 2 2 0 \cdot  x ^{   3 } \cdot  y ^{   9 }
+   6 6 \cdot  x ^{   2 } \cdot  y ^{ 1 0 }
-   1 2 \cdot  x          \cdot  y ^{ 1 1 }
+                                y ^{ 1 2 } )
\endverbatim
\endVFig A \TeX-item list: A \TeX-item is either a letter, a digit or
another plain character, or it is a \TeX-command. Every \TeX-item
belongs to one out of eight \TeX-item-classes.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The last box in this chapter (i.e. figure 6) is a verbatim copy of the
output from TRI for our example.
Because our example will be used to demonstrate
line-breaking, too, some additional commands appear which won't occur
in normal \TeX-mode. These additional commands you find at the beginning
and ending of the output and as \verb|\nl|-commands within the output.
Nevertheless, the structure of the output would be much the same with
our normal \TeX-mode.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
$$\displaylines{\qdd
x^{12}
-12\cdot x^{11}\cdot y
+66\cdot x^{10}\cdot y^{2}
-220\cdot x^{9}\cdot y^{3}
+495\cdot x^{8}\cdot y^{4}
-792\cdot x^{7}\cdot y^{5}\nl
+924\cdot x^{6}\cdot y^{6}
-792\cdot x^{5}\cdot y^{7}
+495\cdot x^{4}\cdot y^{8}
-220\cdot x^{3}\cdot y^{9}
+66\cdot x^{2}\cdot y^{10}
-12\cdot x\cdot y^{11}
+y^{12}
\Nl}$$
\endverbatim
\endVFig Output produced by the TRI: This \TeX-code has to be postprocessed
by \TeX. This example includes commands for line-breaking as produced
with the second level of TRI.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The actual printing of TRI output in this example is easily readable
since the expression is not deeply nested.  Complications arise if
expressions to be printed are deeply nested, use many subscripts
and superscripts, have fractions and large operators and the like.
Then output  structure is worsened, especially if the whole expression
extends over several lines. We provide a ``cheap'' way of indentation
to retain some of the structure, but our solution is far from perfect.
As the need for post-TRI-editing rises the output from TRI should be
made better. However, our quick-and-dirty solution should suffice.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Breaking REDUCE expressions into lines\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
As mentioned earlier, there are a few properties bound to each
\TeX-item, two of them dealing with line-breaking.
The following list gives you a survey of these two properties and
the values they can take:\par
\smallskip\itemize{17mm}
\litem{\t{'CLASS}}one of the following class specifiers
\itemitem{\t{'ORD\ }}ordinary symbols
\itemitem{\t{'LOP\ }}large operators, such as integrals
\itemitem{\t{'BIN\ }}binary operators
\itemitem{\t{'REL\ }}relational operators
\itemitem{\t{'OPN\ }}opening symbols (left parentheses)
\itemitem{\t{'CLO\ }}closing symbols (right parentheses)
\itemitem{\t{'PCT\ }}punctuation symbols
\itemitem{\t{'INN\ }}inner \TeX\ group delimiters
\litem{\t{'TEXTAG}}this is either an atom describing an \t{'INN} class
or a list of widths defining the width of a \TeX-item, where
succeeding elements of the list will be used depending on the
\TeX\ inner group level (i.e. the nesting of subscripts or superscripts)
\par\enditemize\smallskip\noindent
Glue items are to be inserted between consecutive \TeX-items (similar to
what \TeX\ does with its items). The following table specifies for
each left and right class of a \TeX-item the corresponding glue measure.
The glue item values have following meanings: 0 = no space,
1 = thin space, 2 = medium space, and 3 = thick space.
An asterisk means that this case never arises, and
values put in brackets indicate no space in the case of sub- or
superscripts.\par
%
\midinsert
\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}}
$$\vbox{\offinterlineskip
\halign{&\vrule#&\quad\hfil\tt#\hfil\quad\cr
\tablerule
&\strut\rm Left&&\multispan{15}\hfil\rm Right Class\hfil&\cr
&&&\multispan{15}\hrulefill&\cr
&\strut\rm Class&&ORD&&LOP&&BIN&&REL&&OPN&&CLO&&PCT&&INN&\cr
\tablerule
&\strut ORD&&0&&1&&(2)&&(3)&&0&&0&&0&&0&\cr
&\strut LOP&&1&&1&&*&&(3)&&0&&0&&0&&(1)&\cr
&\strut BIN&&(2)&&(2)&&*&&*&&(2)&&*&&*&&(2)&\cr
&\strut REL&&(3)&&(3)&&*&&0&&(3)&&0&&0&&(3)&\cr
&\strut OPN&&0&&0&&*&&0&&0&&0&&0&&0&\cr
&\strut CLO&&0&&1&&(2)&&(3)&&0&&0&&0&&0&\cr
&\strut PCT&&(1)&&(1)&&*&&(1)&&(1)&&(1)&&(1)&&(1)&\cr
&\strut INN&&0&&1&&(2)&&(3)&&(1)&&0&&(1)&&0&\cr
\tablerule}}$$
\endinsert
Actually, a glue item is a list consisting of two elements --- a width
info characterizing the width of this item (in scaled points)
and a ``penalty'' to be used if a line should be broken at
this point.
The algorithm for inserting glue items is easily described:
for every consecutive pair of \TeX-items, get their classes and create
a glue item according to the value found in the glue item table.
For some special \TeX-items use special penalties instead of the default
values. That's all.\par
Let us return to our example from the last chapter. When the functions
\t{insertglue} and \t{interglue} have finished, the \TeX-item list
will be left (temporarily) extended with glue items. You can find
them as the two-element lists in the example. All glue items there
have (by chance) the same width 163840. But they have different
penalties 0, 50 and -390. The latter therefore indicates a very good breaking
point because it is a negative penalty, i.e. a bonus.
See the following figure 7 for the changes made to the \TeX-item list.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
(                          x ^{ 1 2 } (163840 0)
-   1 2 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{ 1 1 } \cdot  (163840 50) y          %
(163840 -390)
+   6 6 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{ 1 0 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   2 } %
(163840    0)
- 2 2 0 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   9 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   3 } %
(163840 -390)
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   8 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   4 } %
(163840    0)
- 7 9 2 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   7 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   5 } %
(163840 -390)
+ 9 2 4 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   6 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   6 } %
(163840    0)
- 7 9 2 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   5 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   7 } %
(163840 -390)
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   4 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   8 } %
(163840    0)
- 2 2 0 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   3 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{   9 } %
(163840 -390)
+   6 6 \cdot  (163840 50) x ^{   2 } \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{ 1 0 } %
(163840    0)
-   1 2 \cdot  (163840 50) x          \cdot  (163840 50) y ^{ 1 1 } %
(163840 -390)
+                                                        y ^{ 1 2 } )
\endverbatim
\endVFig A \TeX-item list extended with glue items: \par
%
%
Setting break points requires the creation of a ``breaklist''.
A  breaklist is a sequence of passive and active nodes, where each
active node is followed by a passive node and vice versa.
Active nodes represent glue items.
Passive nodes are integer atoms which represent the width of a sequence
of ordinary \TeX-items which must not be interspersed with glue
items.  Each breaklist consists of (at least one) passive nodes surrounded
by delta nodes representing the beginning and ending of the list.
\medskip
\settabs\+\indent&passive-node\quad&\cr
\+&\i{breaklist}    &::= ( \i{delta-node} \i{inner-list} \i{delta-node} )\cr
\+&\i{inner-list}   &::= \i{passive-node} \i{active-node} \dots
                         \i{passive-node}\cr
\+&\i{active-node}  &::= ( \i{width} \i{penalty} \i{offset} )\cr
\+&\i{passive-node} &::= \i{width}\cr
\+&\i{delta-node}   &::= \i{active-node} $+$ \i{appendix}\cr
\+&\i{appendix}     &::= ( \i{id-number} \i{ptr} \i{demerits}
                         \i{indentation} )\cr
\medskip
The breaklist will be created using the function \t{breaklist}.
line breaking is performed with this list only; the \TeX-item list
becomes modified only indirectly since the active nodes are shared.
That means that the active nodes aren't copied while creating the breaklist.
Instead, their memory addresses are put into the breaklist as a reference.
This is both memory saving and necessary, since later we deal
with the \TeX-item list itself again in order to insert \verb|\nl|-commands.
So remember there exist two lists sharing all the active nodes
(and hence all the delta nodes). Figure 8 contains
the breaklist from our $(x-y)^{12}$ example. Bear in mind that
passive nodes are sums of widths. The first line and the last line contain
the beginning and ending delta nodes, respectively.
By default, their \i{id-numbers} are 0 and -1, respectively.
%
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
((0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
 915227 (163840    0 0) 1347128 (163840 50 0) 1097271 (163840 50 0)
 321308 (163840 -390 0) 1347128 (163840 50 0) 1097271 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840    0 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840 -390 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840    0 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840 -390 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840    0 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840 -390 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840    0 0) 1674808 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 598015 (163840 -390 0) 1347128 (163840 50 0)  820564 (163840 50 0)
 874722 (163840    0 0) 1347128 (163840 50 0)  543857 (163840 50 0)
 874722 (163840 -390 0) 1384446
 (0 0 41140184 -1 0 2147483647 0))
\endverbatim
\endVFig  A breaklist: Three types of objects are included in a breaklist.
Active nodes are the lists with three elements. Delta nodes contain
exactly seven elements. Passive nodes are integer atoms representing
a width.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
%
The task of setting the break points (i.e. break items) in the breaklist
is up to the function \t{trybreak}. During  this  phase, some active nodes
are selected as ``feasible'' break points. Thus, they will be extended and
called ``delta nodes'' furtheron. By default, the first and last node in a
breaklist are delta nodes.  When trybreak has finished, the \i{ptr}'s of
the delta nodes point back to the best preceding delta node
in terms of minimal total demerits. So, by stepping through this pointer
list, it is easy to find the best path for breaking the whole breaklist
apart. We use some terminology we'd like to explain:
\itemize{27mm}\medskip
\litem{\i{width}}width of this item (both active and passive nodes)
\litem{\i{penalty}}a numeric value which prohibits line breaking (if
negative, line breaking will be merited)
\litem{\i{offset}}distance to the most recent opening bracket
\litem{\i{id-number}}the identification number of this delta node (1,2,3,...)
\litem{\i{ptr}}pointer to the best delta node to come from with
respect to the minimal demerits path. (Note: a zero
pointer indicates the very beginning of the breaklist)
\litem{\i{demerits}}total demerits accumulated so far
\litem{\i{indentation}}amount of indentation when breaking at this point
\par\enditemize\medskip
The algorithm itself will be described now.
To determine the ``quality'' of a line we introduce a value called
``badness''. It simply is a heuristic describing how good-looking a
line comes out. This concept is due to Knuth/Plass(1981) and is a major
concept
of \TeX. We use a slightly different heuristic here. We do not measure
badness in terms of ``stretchability'' and ``shrinkability''.
Instead we measure how ``full'' a line is, where ``full''
means that three quarters of the page width are optimal.
Furthermore we add a surplus badness for the indentation: the less
indentation the better.
The badness is a value between 0 and 10000 and is calculated with
the following code (displayed in figure 9).
Surprisingly, we got a higher speed with floating point arithmetic
here than with integer arithmetic.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\&function& \\badnessof/(\\length/,\\indentation/);
\&begin&
@  \\temp/\gets\&abs&(\\length/$-{3\over4}*$\\pagewidth/)/(${1\over6}*$%
\\pagewidth/);
@  \&return min&($10000,100*temp^3+2500*$\\indentation/$/$\\pagewidth/)
\&end&;
\endDOC The badness function: ``Badness'' is just a heuristic to compute
a numerical value describing how ``good-looking'' a line comes out.
A correction term is applied to provide for indentation.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 10 summarizes the line breaking algorithm. The code
is part of the function \t{trybreak} and describes the ``heart'' of
our algorithm.
Basically, it consists of two loops: the outer loop steps through
the breaklist considering each delta node as a potential start of a
new line while the inner loop looks ahead exactly one line (bounded
by the \i{page-width} or by the rightmost delta-node) checking each
active node if it is a feasible breakpoint, and if so, saving it as the best
path of breaking. Or to put it in another way, simply imagine a
window as wide as a page which moves over the unbroken expression
from the very left to the very right. The left end of the window
is put on every feasible breakpoint determined earlier. The right
end of the window just defines the border of the search for feasible
breakpoints within the window.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\\bottom/\gets\\breaklist/;\quad\\pagewidth/\gets\ %
\!user defined page width!;
\!set all variables not mentioned explicitly to zero or nil!;
\&while& \\bottom/ \&do&
\&begin&  \[try a new line starting at this delta node]
@  \\base/\gets\&car& \\bottom/; \\top/\gets\&cdr& \\bottom/;
@  \\baseid/\gets\\idof/ \\base/; \\baseptr/\gets\\ptrof/ \\base/;
@  \\basedemerits/\gets\\demeritsof/ \\base/;
@  \\baseoffset/\gets\\offsetof/ \\base/;
@  \\baseindent/\gets\\length/\gets\\indentof/ \\base/;
@  \\total/\gets\\total/+\\widthof/ \\base/;
@  \&while& \\top/ \&and& \\length$<$pagewidth/ \&do&
@  \&begin& \[consider this node for end of the line]
@  @  \\node/\gets\&car& \\top/;
@  @  \\penalty/\gets\\penaltyof/ \\node/;
@  @  \&if& \!node is a passive node!
@  @  \&then& \\len/\gets\\len/+\\node/
@  @  \&else begin& \[node is an active node]
@  @  @  \\badness/\gets\ \!compute current badness from \\length/ and%
 \\baseindent/!
@  @  @  \\penalty/\gets\\penaltyof/ \\node/; \\offset/\gets\\offsetof/%
 \\node/;
@  @  @  \&if& \\badness $<$ tolerance/
@  @  @  \&or& \\badness $< 1-$penalty/
@  @  @  \&or& \!this is the rightmost delta node!
@  @  @  \&then begin& \[we have a feasible breakpoint]
@  @  @  @  \\demerits/\gets\\basedemerits/+\\badness/$^2+$\\penalty/$*$%
\&abs&(\\penalty/);
@  @  @  @  \&if& \!node is a delta node!
@  @  @  @  \&then begin&
@  @  @  @  @  \&if& \\demerits$<$demeritsof node/ \[better path found?]
@  @  @  @  @  \&then begin&
@  @  @  @  @  @  \!save current \\demerits/ and \\baseid/ to \\node/!;
@  @  @  @  @  @  \!compute amount of indentation!
@  @  @  @  @  \&end&
@  @  @  @  \&end&
@  @  @  @  \&else begin&
@  @  @  @  @  \\feasible/\gets\\feasible/+1;
@  @  @  @  @  \!create new delta node with \\feasible, baseid, demerits/!;
@  @  @  @  @  \!compute amount of indentation!
@  @  @  @  \&end&;
@  @  @  @  \&if& \\penalty/$=-10000$ \&then& \\top/\gets\&nil&%
 \[must break here]
@  @  @  \&end;&
@  @  @  \\length/\gets\\length/+\\wdithof node/
@  @ \&end&;
@  @ \&if& \\top/ \&then& \\top/\gets\&cdr& \\top/
@  \&end&;
@  \!save the total length so far to the delta node!;
@  \!step ahead to next delta node and count total length!
\&end&;
\endDOC The code segment from {\smalltt trybreak} dealing with line-breaking:
\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Earlier we introduced the concept of ``badness'' derived from \TeX.
But actually this is not the only measure answering the question whether
a certain point in the breaklist is feasible or not. There are three
conditions which decide whether a breakpoint is feasible or not.
The first condition requires the badness to be smaller than the value
of \i{tolerance} as specified by the user. This condition can be overridden
if the active node under consideration has a negative penalty whose
(absolute, i.e. positive) amount is greater than the badness.
That means you can buy a breakpoint if you've got enough money
(i.e. a bonus = negative penalty) to pay the price (i.e. the badness).
The third condition just forces the rightmost delta node to be
considered feasible anyway.\note{This is necessary since the end
of the expression is naturally a breakpoint even if it is a bad one,
and the last delta node is needed for accounting purposes as well as
for storing the pointer to the preceding breakpoints.}
At this point we introduce a second measure called ``demerits'' which
is defined as the sum of the demerits so far (i.e. up to the
beginning of the line currently under consideration), the squared
badness and the sign-propagated square of the penalty.\note{The
latter is evaluated as the product of the value (which can
be positive or negative) and the absolute value (which can be
positive only).} Now we have a measure which not only refers to
the current line but to the previous lines, too. Therefore, our
modified {\caps Knuth}-algorithm ``optimizes'' not only over
\i{one} line but over \i{all} lines.\par
Figure 11 should make clear what is happening to the breaklist
and the \TeX-item list. For readability purposes we display the latter,
but really it is the breaklist under consideration within \t{trybreak}.
As in the previous display of our example, you can identify the
active-nodes. These are the three element number lists. The third
element which is zero here is used as an offset width to the last
opening bracket. This information is used for indentation.
The delta-nodes are remarkable. These are the number lists with seven
elements. Count them by their fourth element. They run 0, 1, 2
through 8, 9, -1. The fifth element gives you the way back through the
list. Start at the last delta-node. There the best way to come from
is 1. So go to delta-node 1 where you find 0 as the best way to come
from. Delta-node 0 is the beginning, so you're finished. The sixth element
stands for the total demerits so far. The seventh element stands for
the amount of indentation. Here it is a zero because the term isn't
nested in our example.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\VFig
(                                       (     0        0 0 0 0       0 0)
                             x ^{ 1 2 } (163840    0 0)
- 1 2   \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{ 1 1 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y          (163840 -390 0)
+ 6 6   \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{ 1 0 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   2 } (163840    0 0)
- 2 2 0 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   9 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   3 } (163840 -390 0)
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   8 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   4 } (163840    0 0)
- 7 9 2 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   7 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   5 } (163840 18624949 0 1 0 -151875 0)
+ 9 2 4 \cdot                           (163840 20463597 0 2 0    2500 0)
                             x ^{   6 }
        \cdot                           (163840 21448001 0 3 0    2500 0)
                             y ^{   6 } (163840 22209856 0 4 0       1 0)
- 7 9 2 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   5 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   7 } (163840 25794763 0 5 0 -142299 0)
+ 4 9 5 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   4 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   8 } (163840 0 0)
- 2 2 0 \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   3 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{   9 } (163840 32964577 0 6 1 -207875 0)
+ 6 6   \cdot  (163840 50 0) x ^{   2 }
        \cdot  (163840 50 0) y ^{ 1 0 } (163840 0 0)
- 1 2   \cdot                           (163840 38009479 0 7 1 -149350 0)
                             x
        \cdot                           (163840 38717176 0 8 1 -149374 0)
                             y ^{ 1 1 } (163840 39755738 0 9 1 -303975 0)
+ y ^{ 1 2 }                            (     0 41140184 ?-1 1 -151866 ?)
\endverbatim
\endVFig A \TeX-item list extended with delta-nodes: From this list
the line-breaking way can be derived. Start with node --1, go to node
1 and from there to node 0. That makes one break point at node 1.\par
We haven't mentioned how we generate indentation yet. Generally speaking,
indentation is entirely directed by brackets, either round, curly, or
dummy brackets. But how do we compute the amount of indentation?
   First let's turn to the code segment which deals with this problem
within the big line-braking algorithm shown before. The contents of
figure 12 explains what happens to the amount of indentation.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\!compute amount of indentation! ::=
\&begin&
@  \&if& \\offset/$>$\\total/
@  \&then& \\indent/\gets\\offset$-$total$+$baseindent/ \ \ %
\[opening bracket case]
@  \&else if& \\offset$<$baseoffset/
@  @  \&then& \\indent/\gets\\findindent/() \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
\ \ \ \[closing bracket case]
@  @  \&else& \\indent/\gets\\baseindent/; \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
\ \ \ \ \[no change case]
@  \!save \\indent/ to delta-node!
\&end&;
\endDOC The code segment from {\smalltt trybreak} dealing with indentation:
\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The logic of this code segment is easily summarized. The \i{offset}
is a measure of how distant the last opening bracket is from the beginning
of the whole expression. So in the case where \i{offset} is greater than
the total width accumulated until the very beginning of the line, the
indentation is just the difference between \i{total}
 and the sum of \i{offset}
and the amount of indentation \i{baseindent} for the currently line.
That'll work if the line currently under consideration contains at least
one opening bracket which hasn't become closed in the same line.
This case may be labelled the ``opening bracket case''.
But what shall we do in the other cases? We have to decide if we've got
a ``closing bracket case'', i.e. if we have at least one more closing
bracket than we have opening brackets, or if we've got a ``no change
case'', i.e. the number of opening brackets in the current line matches
the number of closing brackets in this line. This decision is made by
comparing \i{offset}$<$\i{baseoffset}. If the \i{baseoffset}, i.e.
the offset at the beginning of the line, is greater than \i{offset},
i.e. the offset at the current point, then we've got the ``closing
bracket case'', otherwise we've got the ``no change case''.
In the latter, the amount of indentation for the next line is just
the amount of indentation for the current line. But the ``closing
bracket case'' causes us much trouble. So we need an extra function dealing
with this case, as displayed in figure 13.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\DOC
\&macro function& \\findindent/;
\[macro functions share all variables of outer code blocks]
\&begin& \[first check if we can save search time for equal destination]
@  \&if& \\offset/$=$\\lastoffset/ \&and& \\baseptr/$=$\\lastbaseptr/
@  \&then return& \\lastindent/
@  \&else begin& \[search the delta-node-stack for previous indentation]
@  @  \\stack/\gets\\deltastack/; \\lastoffset/\gets\\offset/;
@  @  \\p/\gets\\lastbaseptr/\gets\\baseptr/;
@  @  \&while& \\stack/ \&do& \[as long as we have a delta-node ahead]
@  @  \&begin&
@  @  @  \\node/\gets\&car& \\stack/; \[current delta-node]
@  @  @  \&if& \\p$=$idof node/ \&then begin&
@  @  @  @  \\p/\gets\\ptrof node/; \\local/\gets\\totalof node/;
@  @  @  @  \&if& \\local$<$offset/ \&then& \\stack/\gets\&nil&
@  @  @  \&end&;
@  @  @  \&if& \\stack/ \&then& \\stack/\gets\&cdr& \\stack/
@  @  \&end&;
@  @  \\lastindent/\gets\\offset$-$local$+$indentof node/;
@  @  \&return& \\lastindent/
@  \&end&
\&end&;
\endDOC The macro function findindent: This macro is used to compute the
amount of indentation in the ``closing bracket case''. It causes some
trouble since we have to travel back to previous delta nodes.\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
This macro\note{Macros become expanded where they are called and thus
share all variable names defined in the code block where they are called.
So, there is no need for argument passing if certain variable names in
the code block don't differ from call to call.} searches the list
of delta-nodes previously created until it reaches a delta-node (at
least the very first delta-node in the breaklist) where the total
width accumulated so far, i.e. the variable \i{local}, is less than
\i{offset}, i.e. the offset at the end of the line under consideration,
and computes the amount of indentation from the difference of
\i{offset} and \i{local} plus the amount of indentation so far.
Plainly speaking, we go back the lines until we find a line where
we find the opening parenthesis matching the closing parenthesis
in the current line. When we've found it, we compute the amount of
indentation as described in the ``opening bracket case'', but with
\i{local} instead of \i{total}.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Postprocessing with the \TeX\ module ``tridefs.tex''\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
When a \TeX-output-file has been created with the TRI it has to be
processed by \TeX\ itself. But before you run \TeX\ you should make sure
the file looks the way you want it. Sometimes you will
find it necessary to add some \TeX-code of your own or delete some
other \TeX-code. This job is up to you before you finally run \TeX.\par
During the \TeX-run the sizes of brackets are determined. This task is
not done by the TRI. In order to produce proper sized brackets
we put some \verb|\left(| and \verb|\right)| \TeX-commands
where brackets are opened or closed. A new problem arises when
an expression has been broken up into several lines. Since, for every
line, the number of \verb|\left(| and \verb|\right)| \TeX-commands must
match but bracketed expressions may start in one line and end in another,
we have to insert the required number of ``dummy'' parentheses
(i.e.  \verb|\right.| and \verb|\left.| \TeX-commands)
at the end of the current line and the beginning of the following line.
Therefore, we have to keep track of the depth of bracketing.
See the following figure 14 for the \TeX-code actually applied.\par
There is a caveat against this method. Since opening and closing brackets
needn't lie in the same line, it is possible that the height of the
brackets can differ although they should correspond in height. That will
happen if the height of the text in the opening line has a height
different from the text in the closing line. We haven't found a
way of tackling this problem yet, but we think it is possible to program
a little \TeX-macro for this task.
Furthermore, some macros deal with tricks we had to use in order to
provide for indentation, fraction handling and the like.
\VVFig
\def\qdd{\quad\quad}         % simply a double quad
\def\frac#1#2{{#1\over#2}}   % fractions from prefix notation
\newcount\parenthesis        % nesting of brackets
\parenthesis=0               % intialize
\newcount\n                  % a temporary variable
% ---- round and curly brackets ----
\def\({\global\advance\parenthesis by1\left(}
\def\){\global\advance\parenthesis by-1\right)}
\def\{{\global\advance\parenthesis by1\left\lbrace}
\def\}{\global\advance\parenthesis by-1\right\rbrace}
\def\[{\relax} % dummy parenthesis
\def\]{\relax} % dummy parenthesis
% ---- provide for looping using tail recursion ----
%      \loop ...what... \repeat
\def\loop#1\repeat{\global\n=0\global\let\body=#1\iterate}
\def\iterate{\body\let\next=\iterate\else\let\next=\relax\fi\next}
% ---- conditions and statements for loop interior
\def\ldd{\ifnum\n<\parenthesis\global\advance\n by1
\left.\nulldelimiterspace=0pt\mathsurround=0pt}
\def\rdd{\ifnum\n<\parenthesis\global\advance\n by1
\right.\nulldelimiterspace=0pt\mathsurround=0pt}
% ---- newline statement as issued by TRI ----
\def\nl{\loop\rdd\repeat\hfill\cr\quad\quad\loop\ldd\repeat{}}
% ---- indentation statement as issued by TRI ----
\def\OFF#1{\hskip#1sp\relax}
% ---- last newline statement before end of math group ----
\def\Nl{\hfill\cr}
\endverbatim
\endVFig The file ``tridefs.tex'': This is the code you have
to use on the \TeX\ side in order to typeset output produced by our
TRI.\par
\noindent There is at least one more line of \TeX-code you have to
insert by hand into the \TeX-input-file produced by TRI. This line runs
\verbatim
\input tridefs
\endverbatim\noindent
and inputs the module \t{tridefs.tex} into the file. This is necessary
because otherwise \TeX\ won't know how to deal with our macro calls.
If you use the \TeX-input-file as a ``stand-alone'' file, don't
forget a final \verb|\bye| at the end of the text. If you use
code produced by TRI as part of a larger text then simply put
the input-line just once at the beginning of your text.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Experiments\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
We measured performance using the TIME-facility of REDUCE, which can be
switched on and off with the two commands
\example
ON TIME;
OFF TIME;
\endexample
We have tested our TRI on a \VAX\ operating under VAX/VMS,
with no other users operating during this phase in order to minimize
interference with other processes, e.g. caused by paging.
The TRI code has been compiled with the PSL~3.2a-Compiler.
The following table presents results obtained with a small number of
different terms. All data were measured in CPU-seconds
as displayed by LISP's TIME-facility.
For expressions where special packages such as \t{solve} and \t{int}
were involved we have taken only effective output-time, i.e. the time
consumption caused by producing the output and not by evaluating
the algebraic result.\note{That means we assigned the result of an
evaluation to an itermediate variable, and then we printed this
intermediate variable. Thus we could eliminate the time overhead
produced by ``pure'' evaluation. Nevertheless, in terms of effective
interactive answering time, the sum of evaluation and printing time
might be much more interesting than the ``pure'' printing time.
In such a context the percentage overhead caused by printing is
the critical point. But since we talk about printing we decided
to document the ``pure'' printing time.}\par
\def\strut{\vrule height8pt depth4pt width0pt}
\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}}
\def\hdbox#1{\hbox to 12truemm{\small\hfil#1\hfil}}
\def\[#1]{$\scriptstyle#1$\hfil}
$$\vbox{
\offinterlineskip
\halign{&\strut\vrule#&\quad\hfil\smalltt#\quad\cr
\tablerule
&{\smallbf REDUCE-}\hfil&&\hdbox{\small nor-}&&
\hdbox{TeX}&&\hdbox{\small TeX-}&&\hdbox{\small TeX-}&\cr
&{\smallbf Expression}\hfil&&\hdbox{\small mal}&&
&&\hdbox{\small Break}&&\hdbox{\small Indent}&\cr
\tablerule
&\[(x+y)^{12}]&& 0.82&& 0.75&& 3.42&& 3.47&\cr
&\[(x+y)^{24}]&& 2.00&& 2.22&&12.52&&12.41&\cr
&\[(x+y)^{36}]&& 4.40&& 4.83&&21.48&&21.44&\cr
&\[(x+y)^{16}/(v-w)^{16}]&& 2.27&& 2.38&&12.18&&12.19&\cr
&\[solve((1+\xi)x^2-2\xi x+\xi,x)]&& 0.41&& 0.62&& 0.89&& 0.87&\cr
&\[solve(x^3+x^2\mu+\nu,x)]&& 4.21&&20.84&&31.82&&40.43&\cr
\tablerule
}}$$\vskip5pt
\noindent This short table should give you an impression of the
performance of TRI. It goes without saying that on other machines
results may turn out which are quite different from our results. But our
intention is to show the relative and not the absolute performance.
Note that printing times are a function of expression complexity,
as shown by rows three and six.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec User's Guide to the REDUCE-\TeX-Interface\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
If you intend to use the TRI you are required to load the compiled code.
This can be performed with the command
\example
load!-package 'tri;
\endexample
During the load, some default initializations are performed. The
default page width is set to 15 centimeters, the tolerance for
page breaking is set to 20 by default. Moreover, TRI is enabled
to translate greek names, e.g. TAU or PSI, into equivalent \TeX\
symbols, e.g. $\tau$ or $\psi$, respectively. Letters are printed
lowercase as defined through assertion of the set LOWERCASE. The whole
operation produces the following lines of output
\example
*** Function TEXVARPRI redefined
\% set GREEK asserted
\% set LOWERCASE asserted
\% \B hsize=150mm
\% \B tolerance 20
\endexample
Now you can switch on and off the three TRI modes as you like.
You can use the switches alternatively and incrementally.
That means you have to switch on TeX for receiving standard
\TeX-output, or TeXBreak to receive broken \TeX-output, or
TeXIndent to receive broken  \TeX-output plus indentation.
Thus, the three levels of TRI are enabled or disabled according to:
\example
On TeX;          \% switch TeX is on
On TeXBreak;     \% switches TeX and TeXBreak are on
On TeXIndent;    \% switches TeX, TeXBreak and TeXIndent are on
Off TeXIndent;   \% switch TeXIndent is off
Off TeXBreak;    \% switches TeXBreak and TeXIndent are off
Off TeX;         \% all three switches are off
\endexample
More specifically, if you switch off {\tt TeXBreak} you implicitly quit
{\tt TeXIndent}, too, or, if you switch off {\tt TeX} you implicitly quit
{\tt TeXBreak} and, consequently, {\tt TeXIndent}.\par
The most crucial point in defining how TRI breaks multiple lines
of \TeX-code is your choice of the page width and the tolerance.
As mentioned earlier, ``tolerance'' is related to \TeX's famous
line-breaking algorithm. The value of ``tolerance'' determines which
potential breakpoints are considered feasible and which not. The
higher the tolerance, the more breakpoints become feasible as determined
by the value of ``badness'' associated with each breakpoint. Breakpoints
are considered feasible if the badness is less than the tolerance.
You can easily set values for page width and tolerance using
\example
TeXsetbreak(\i{page-width},\i{tolerance});
\endexample
where \i{page-width} is measured in millimeters\note{You can
also specify page width in scaled points (sp).
Note: 1~pt = 65536~sp = 1/72.27~inch. The function automatically chooses
the appropiate dimension according to the size: all values greater than
400 are considered to be scaled points.} and the \i{tolerance} is
a positive integer in the closed interval $[0\ldots10000]$.
You should choose a page width according to your purposes,
but allow a few centimeters for errors in TRI's metric.
For example, specify 140 millimeters for an effective 150 or 160
millimeter wide page. That way you have a certain safety-margin to
the borders of the page. Now let's turn to the tolerance.
A tolerance of 0 means that actually no breakpoint will be considered
feasible (except those carrying a negative penalty), while a value
of 10000 allows any breakpoint to be considered feasible.
Obviously, the choice of a tolerance has a great impact on the time
consumption of our line-breaking algorithm since time consumption
increases in proportion to the number of feasible breakpoints.
So, the question is what values to choose. For line-breaking without
indentation, suitable values for the tolerance lie between 10 and 100.
As a rule of thumb, you should use higher values the deeper the term
is nested --- if you can estimate. If you use indentation, you have to
use much higher tolerance values. This is necessary because badness
is worsened by indentation. So, TRI has to try harder to find
suitable places where to break. Reasonable values for tolerance
here lie between 700 and 1500. A value of 1000 should be your first
guess. That'll work for most expressions in a reasonable amount of
time.\par
Sometimes you want to add your own REDUCE-symbol-to-\TeX-item
translations. For such a task, TRI provides a function named
\t{TeXlet} which binds any REDUCE-symbol to one of the predefined
\TeX-items. A call to this function has the following syntax:
\example
TeXlet(\i{REDUCE-symbol},\i{\TeX-item})
\endexample
Three examples show how to do it right:
\example
TeXlet('velocity,'!v);
TeXlet('gamma,\verb|'!\!G!a!m!m!a! |);
TeXlet('acceleration,\verb|'!\!v!a!r!t!h!e!t!a! |);
\endexample
Besides this method of single assertions you can choose to assert
one of (currently) two standard sets providing substitutions
for lowercase and greek letters. These sets are loaded by default.
You can switch these sets on or off using the functions
\example
TeXassertset \i{setname};
TeXretractset \i{setname};
\endexample
where the setnames currently defined are \t{'GREEK} and \t{'LOWERCASE}.
So far you have learned only how to connect REDUCE-atoms with predefined
\TeX-items but not how to create new \TeX-items itself. We provide a
way for adding standard \TeX-items of any class \t{'ORD, 'BIN, 'REL,
'OPN, 'CLO, 'PCT} and \t{LOP} except for class \t{'INN} which is
reserved for internal use by TRI only. You can call the function
\example
TeXitem(\i{item},\i{class},\i{list-of-widths})
\endexample
e.g. together with a binding
\example
TeXitem(\verb|'!\!n!a!b!l!a! |,'ORD,'(655360 327680 163840))
TeXlet('NABLA,\verb|'!\!n!a!b!l!a! |);
\endexample
where \i{item} is a legal \TeX-code name\note{Please note that
any \TeX-name ending with a letter must be followed by a blank
to prevent from interference with letters of following \TeX-items.
Note also that you can legalize a name by defining it as a \TeX-macro.},
\i{class} is one of seven classes (see above) and \i{list-of-width}
is a non-empty list of elements each one representing the width of
the item in successive super-/subscript depth levels. That means that the
first entry is the breadth in display mode, the second stands for
scriptstyle and the third stands for scriptscriptstyle in \TeX-%
terminology. But how can you retrieve the width information required?
For this purpose we provide the following small interactive \TeX\ facility
called \t{redwidth.tex} documented in figure 15. Simply call
\example
tex redwidth
\endexample
on your local machine. Then you are prompted for the \TeX-item
you want the width information for. Type ``end'' when you
want to finish the session.
\VVFig
\newbox\testbox\newcount\xxx\newif\ifOK\def\endloop{end }
\def\widthof#1{\message{width is: }\wwidthof{$\displaystyle#1$}
\wwidthof{$\scriptstyle#1$}\wwidthof{$\scriptscriptstyle#1$}}
\def\wwidthof#1{\setbox\testbox=\hbox{#1}\xxx=\wd\testbox
\message{[\the\wd\testbox=\the\xxx sp]}}
\loop\message{Type in TeX item or say 'end': }\read-1 to\answer
  \ifx\answer\endloop\OKfalse\else\OKtrue\fi
  \ifOK\widthof{\answer}
\repeat
\end
\endverbatim
\endVFig The file ``redwidth.tex'': This \TeX\ code you can use to
determine the width of specific \TeX-items.\par
Finally let us discuss how you can compile the TRI into a binary.
(We refer to PSL, but other LISP versions work quite similar.)
First of all start REDUCE. Than type in\par
\verbatim
on comp;
symbolic;
faslout "tri";
in "tri.red";
faslend;
bye;
\endverbatim\noindent
We stress the fact that this procedure is definitely LISP dependent.
Ask your local REDUCE or LISP wizards how to adapt to it.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Examples\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Some examples --- which we think might be representative ---
shall demonstrate the capabilities of our TRI.
For each example we state (a) the REDUCE command (i.e.
the input), (b) the tolerance if it differs from the default, and
(c) the output as produced in a \TeX\ run.\par
\newcount\exacount\exacount=0
\def\strut{\vrule height11pt depth4pt width0pt}
\def\exa#1 \mod#2 \tol#3 \cod#4 \^^M{\global\advance\exacount by1\par
{\offinterlineskip
  \vbox{
    \hrule
    \line{\strut\vrule
      \hbox to 8mm{\hfil\caps\the\exacount\hfil}\vrule
      \quad\rm#1\hfill\vrule
      \hbox to 32mm{\hfill{\smallcaps Mode: }{\tt #2}\hfill}\vrule
      \hbox to 32mm{\hfill{\smallcaps Tolerance: }{\tt #3}\hfill}\vrule}
    \hrule
    \line{\strut\vrule\hfill\tt#4\hfill\vrule}
    \hrule}
}\nobreak}
\bigskip\input tridefs
% ------------------------------ Examples ------------------------------
\exa Standard
\mod TeXindent
\tol 250
\cod (x+y){*}{*}16{/}(v-w){*}{*}16;
\
$$\displaylines{\qdd
\(x^{16}
  +16\cdot x^{15}\cdot y
  +120\cdot x^{14}\cdot y^{2}
  +560\cdot x^{13}\cdot y^{3}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +1820\cdot x^{12}\cdot y^{4}
  +4368\cdot x^{11}\cdot y^{5}
  +8008\cdot x^{10}\cdot y^{6}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +11440\cdot x^{9}\cdot y^{7}
  +12870\cdot x^{8}\cdot y^{8}
  +11440\cdot x^{7}\cdot y^{9}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +8008\cdot x^{6}\cdot y^{10}
  +4368\cdot x^{5}\cdot y^{11}
  +1820\cdot x^{4}\cdot y^{12}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +560\cdot x^{3}\cdot y^{13}
  +120\cdot x^{2}\cdot y^{14}
  +16\cdot x\cdot y^{15}
  +y^{16}
\)
/\nl
\(v^{16}
  -16\cdot v^{15}\cdot w
  +120\cdot v^{14}\cdot w^{2}
  -560\cdot v^{13}\cdot w^{3}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +1820\cdot v^{12}\cdot w^{4}
  -4368\cdot v^{11}\cdot w^{5}
  +8008\cdot v^{10}\cdot w^{6}
  -11440\cdot v^{9}\cdot w^{7}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +12870\cdot v^{8}\cdot w^{8}
  -11440\cdot v^{7}\cdot w^{9}
  +8008\cdot v^{6}\cdot w^{10}
  -4368\cdot v^{5}\cdot w^{11}\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  +1820\cdot v^{4}\cdot w^{12}
  -560\cdot v^{3}\cdot w^{13}
  +120\cdot v^{2}\cdot w^{14}
  -16\cdot v\cdot w^{15}
  +w^{16}
\)
\Nl}$$
\exa Integration
\mod TeX
\tol -;
\cod int(1/(x{*}{*}3+2),x)
\
$$
-
\(\frac{2^{\frac{1}{
                 3}}\cdot
        \(2\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot
          \arctan
          \(\frac{2^{\frac{1}{
                           3}}
                  -2\cdot x}{
                  2^{\frac{1}{
                           3}}\cdot
                  \sqrt{3}}
          \)
          +
          \ln
          \(2^{\frac{2}{
                     3}}
            -2^{\frac{1}{
                      3}}\cdot x
            +x^{2}
          \)
          -2\cdot
          \ln
          \(2^{\frac{1}{
                     3}}
            +x
          \)
        \)
        }{
        12}
\)
$$
\exa Integration
\mod TeXindent
\tol 1000
\cod int(1/(x{*}{*}4+3*x{*}{*}2-1,x);
\
$$\displaylines{\qdd
\(\sqrt{2}\cdot
  \(3\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          -3}\cdot
    \sqrt{13}\cdot
    \ln
    \(-
      \(\sqrt{
              \sqrt{13}
              -3}\cdot
        \sqrt{2}
      \)
      +2\cdot x
    \)
    \nl
    \OFF{2260991}
    -3\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          -3}\cdot
    \sqrt{13}\cdot
    \ln
    \(\sqrt{
            \sqrt{13}
            -3}\cdot
      \sqrt{2}
      +2\cdot x
    \)
    \nl
    \OFF{2260991}
    +13\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          -3}\cdot
    \ln
    \(-
      \(\sqrt{
              \sqrt{13}
              -3}\cdot
        \sqrt{2}
      \)
      +2\cdot x
    \)
    \nl
    \OFF{2260991}
    -13\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          -3}\cdot
    \ln
    \(\sqrt{
            \sqrt{13}
            -3}\cdot
      \sqrt{2}
      +2\cdot x
    \)
    \nl
    \OFF{2260991}
    +6\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          +3}\cdot
    \sqrt{13}\cdot
    \arctan
    \(\frac{2\cdot x}{
            \sqrt{
                  \sqrt{13}
                  +3}\cdot
            \sqrt{2}}
    \)
    \nl
    \OFF{2260991}
    -26\cdot
    \sqrt{
          \sqrt{13}
          +3}\cdot
    \arctan
    \(\frac{2\cdot x}{
            \sqrt{
                  \sqrt{13}
                  +3}\cdot
            \sqrt{2}}
    \)
  \)
\)
/104
\Nl}$$
\exa Solving Equations
\mod TeXindent
\tol 1000
\cod solve(x{*}{*}3+x{*}{*}2*mu+nu=0,x);
\
$$\displaylines{\qdd
\{x=
  \[-
    \(\(\(9\cdot
          \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
                +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
          -2\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
          -27\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
        \)
        ^{\frac{2}{
                3}}\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot i\nl
        \OFF{3675021}
        +
        \(9\cdot
          \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
                +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
          -2\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
          -27\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
        \)
        ^{\frac{2}{
                3}}\nl
        \OFF{3675021}
        +2\cdot
        \(9\cdot
          \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
                +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
          -2\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
          -27\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
        \)
        ^{\frac{1}{
                3}}\cdot \nl
        \OFF{3675021}
        2^{\frac{1}{
                 3}}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                   6}}\cdot
        \mu
        -2^{\frac{2}{
                  3}}\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                  3}}\cdot
        i\cdot \mu ^{2}
        +2^{\frac{2}{
                  3}}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                    3}}\cdot
        \mu ^{2}
      \)
      /\nl
      \OFF{3347341}
      \(6\cdot
        \(9\cdot
          \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
                +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
          -2\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
          -27\cdot
          \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
        \)
        ^{\frac{1}{
                3}}\cdot 2^{\frac{1}{
                                  3}}\cdot
        3^{\frac{1}{
                 6}}
      \)
    \)
  \]
  \,\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  x=
  \[\(\(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{2}{
              3}}\cdot
      \sqrt{3}\cdot i\nl
      \OFF{2837617}
      -
      \(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{2}{
              3}}\nl
      \OFF{2837617}
      -2\cdot
      \(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{1}{
              3}}\cdot \nl
      \OFF{2837617}
      2^{\frac{1}{
               3}}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                 6}}\cdot \mu
      -2^{\frac{2}{
                3}}\cdot
      \sqrt{3}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                3}}\cdot i\cdot
      \mu ^{2}
      -2^{\frac{2}{
                3}}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                  3}}\cdot
      \mu ^{2}
    \)
    /\nl
    \OFF{2509937}
    \(6\cdot
      \(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{1}{
              3}}\cdot 2^{\frac{1}{
                                3}}\cdot 3^{
      \frac{1}{
            6}}
    \)
  \]
  \,\nl
  \OFF{327680}
  x=
  \[\(\(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{2}{
              3}}\nl
      \OFF{2837617}
      -
      \(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot \nl
        \OFF{3675021}
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{1}{
              3}}\cdot 2^{\frac{1}{
                                3}}\cdot 3^{
      \frac{1}{
            6}}\cdot \mu
      +2^{\frac{2}{
                3}}\cdot 3^{\frac{1}{
                                  3}}\cdot
      \mu ^{2}
    \)
    /\nl
    \OFF{2509937}
    \(3\cdot
      \(9\cdot
        \sqrt{4\cdot \mu ^{3}\cdot \nu
              +27\cdot \nu ^{2}}
        -2\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \mu ^{3}
        -27\cdot
        \sqrt{3}\cdot \nu
      \)
      ^{\frac{1}{
              3}}\cdot 2^{\frac{1}{
                                3}}\cdot 3^{
      \frac{1}{
            6}}
    \)
  \]
\}
\Nl}$$
\exa Matrix Printing
\mod TeX
\tol --
\cod mat((1,a-b,1/(c-d)),(a*{*}2-b*{*}2,1,sqrt(c)),((a+b)/(c-d),sqrt(d),1));
\
$$
\pmatrix{1&a
         -b&
         \frac{1}{
               c
               -d}\cr
         a^{2}
         -b^{2}&1&
         \sqrt{c}\cr
         \frac{a
               +b}{
               c
               -d}&
         \sqrt{d}&1\cr
         }
$$
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec Caveats\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Techniques for printing mathematical expressions are available
everywhere. This TRI adds only a highly specialized version for
most REDUCE output. The emphasis is on the word \i{most}.
One major caveat is that we cannot print SYMBOLIC-mode output
from REDUCE. This could be done best in a WEB-like programming-plus-%
documentation style. Nevertheless, as Knuth's WEB is already available
for PASCAL and C, hopefully someone will write a LISP-WEB or a
REDUCE-WEB as well.\par
Whenever you discover a bug in our program please let us
know. Send us a short report accompanied by an output listing.\note{You
can reach us with e-mail at the following addresses:
Werner Antweiler: antweil\@epas.utoronto.ca, Andreas Strotmann:
strotmann@rrz.uni-koeln.de and Volker Winkelmann:
winkelmann@rrz.uni-koeln.de.} We'll try to fix the error.
The whole TRI package consists of following files:\par
\itemize{3cm}
\litem{\tt tri.tex}This text as a \TeX-input file.\par
\litem{\tt tri.red}The REDUCE-LISP source code for the TRI.\par
\litem{\tt tridefs.tex}The \TeX-input file to be used together with
       output from the TRI.\par
\litem{\tt redwidth.tex}The \TeX-input file for interactive determination
       of \TeX-item widths.\par
\litem{\tt tritest.red}Run this REDUCE file to check if
       TRI works correctly.\par
\litem{\tt tritest.tex}When you have run {\tt tritest.red} just make a
       \TeX\ run with this file to see all the nice things TRI is able
       to produce.\par
\enditemize
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\sec References\par
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\aut Antweiler, W.; Strotmann, A.; Pfenning, Th.; Winkelmann, V.
\ttl Zwischenbericht "uber den Status der Arbeiten am
     REDUCE-\TeX-Anschlu\3
\pub Internal Paper, Rechenzentrum der Universit"at zu K"oln
\ref \\
\dat November 1986
\inx 1986
\
\aut Fateman, Richard J.
\ttl \TeX\ Output from MACSYMA-like Systems
\pub ACM SIGSAM Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 4, Issue \#82
\ref pp. 1--5
\dat November 1987
\inx 1987
\
\aut Knuth, Donald E.; Plass, Michael F.
\ttl Breaking Paragraphs into Lines
\pub Software---Practice and Experience, Vol. 11
\ref pp. 1119--1184
\dat 1981
\inx 1981
\
\aut Knuth, Donald E.
\ttl The \TeX book
\pub Addison-Wesley, Readings/Ma.
\ref \\
\dat sixth printing, 1986
\inx 1986
\
\aut Hearn, Anthony C.
\ttl REDUCE User's Manual, Version 3.3
\pub The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Ca.
\ref \\
\dat July 1987
\inx 1987
\
\bye