===================================
:Author: Erik O'Leary :Version: |nimversion|
.. default-role:: code .. include:: rstcommon.rst .. contents::
.. importdoc:: markdown_rst.md, compiler/docgen.nim
This document describes the documentation generation tools
:idx: built into
the Nim compiler, which can generate HTML, Latex and JSON output
from input .nim
files and projects.
The output documentation will include the module
dependencies (import
), any top-level documentation comments (##
), and
exported symbols (*
), including procedures, types, and variables.
=================== ==============
command output format
=================== ==============
nim doc
:cmd: .html
HTML
nim doc2tex
:cmd: .tex
LaTeX
nim jsondoc
:cmd: .json
JSON
=================== ==============
Nim can generate HTML and LaTeX from input Markdown and RST (reStructuredText) files as well, which is intended for writing standalone documents like user's guides and technical specifications. See [Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText] document for the description of this feature and particularly section [Command line usage] for the full list of supported commands.
Generate HTML documentation for a file:
nim doc <filename>.nim
Generate HTML documentation for a whole project:
# delete any htmldocs/*.idx file before starting
nim doc --project --index:on --git.url:<url> --git.commit:<tag> --outdir:htmldocs <main_filename>.nim
# this will generate html files, a theindex.html index, css and js under `htmldocs`
# See also `--docroot` to specify a relative root.
# to get search (dochacks.js) to work locally, you need a server otherwise
# CORS will prevent opening file:// urls; this works:
python3 -m http.server 7029 --directory htmldocs
# When --outdir is omitted it defaults to $projectPath/htmldocs,
# or `$nimcache/htmldocs` with `--usenimcache` which avoids clobbering your sources;
# and likewise without `--project`.
# Adding `-r` will open in a browser directly.
# Use `--showNonExports` to show non-exported fields of an exported type.
Any comments which are preceded by a double-hash (##
), are interpreted as
documentation. Comments are parsed as RST (see reference), providing
Nim module authors the ability to easily generate richly formatted
documentation with only their well-documented code!
Basic Markdown syntax is also supported inside the doc comments.
Example:
type Person* = object
## This type contains a description of a person
name: string
age: int
Outputs:
Person* = object
name: string
age: int
This type contains a description of a person
Field documentation comments can be added to fields like so:
var numValues: int ## \
## `numValues` stores the number of values
Note that without the *
following the name of the type, the documentation for
this type would not be generated. Documentation will only be generated for
exported types/procedures/etc.
It's recommended to always add exactly one space after ##
for readability
of comments — this extra space will be cropped from the parsed comments and
won't influence RST formatting.
.. note:: Generally, this baseline indentation level inside a documentation comment may not be 1: it can be any since it is determined by the offset of the first non-whitespace character in the comment. After that indentation must be consistent on the following lines of the same comment. If you still need to add an additional indentation at the very beginning (for RST block quote syntax) use backslash \ before it:
```nim
## \
##
## Block quote at the first line.
##
## Paragraph.
```
Basic directory for output is set by --outdir:OUTDIR
:option: switch,
by default OUTDIR
is htmldocs
sub-directory in the directory of
the processed file.
There are 2 basic options as to how generated HTML output files are stored:
1) complex hierarchy when docgen-compiling with --project
:option:,
which follows directory structure of the project itself.
So nim doc
:cmd: replicates project's directory structure
inside --outdir:OUTDIR
:option: directory.
--project
:option: is well suited for projects that have 1 main module.
File name clashes are impossible in this case.
2) flattened structure, where user-provided script goes through all
needed input files and calls commands like nim doc
:cmd:
with --outdir:OUTDIR
:option: switch, thus putting all HTML (and
.idx
) files into 1 directory.
.. Important:: Make sure that you don't have files with same base name
like ``x.nim`` and ``x.md`` in the same package, otherwise you'll
have name conflict for ``x.html``.
.. Tip:: To structure your output directories and avoid file name
clashes you can split your project into
different *packages* -- parts of your repository that are
docgen-compiled with different `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: options.
An example of such strategy is Nim repository itself which has:
* its stdlib ``.nim`` files from different directories and ``.md``
documentation from ``doc/`` directory are all docgen-compiled
into `--outdir:web/upload/<version>/`:option: directory
* its ``.nim`` files from ``compiler/`` directory are docgen-compiled
into `--outdir:web/upload/<version>/compiler/`:option: directory.
Interestingly, it's compiled with complex hierarchy using
`--project`:option: switch.
Contents of ``web/upload/<version>`` are then deployed into Nim's
Web server.
This output directory structure allows to work correctly with files like
``compiler/docgen.nim`` (implementation) and ``doc/docgen.md`` (user
documentation) in 1 repository.
Index (.idx
) files are used for 2 different purposes:
.nim
and/or .md
/ .rst
files described in [Nim external referencing]The following examples will generate documentation for this sample
Nim module, aptly named doc/docgen_sample.nim
:
```nim file=docgen_sample.nim
All the below commands save their output to ``htmldocs`` directory relative to
the directory of file;
hence the output for this sample will be in ``doc/htmldocs``.
HTML
----
The generation of HTML documents is done via the `doc`:option: command. This command
takes either a single ``.nim`` file, outputting a single ``.html`` file with the same
base filename, or multiple ``.nim`` files, outputting multiple ``.html`` files and,
optionally, an index file.
The `doc`:option: command:
```cmd
nim doc docgen_sample.nim
Partial Output:
...
proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}
...
The full output can be seen here: docgen_sample.html. It runs after semantic checking and includes pragmas attached implicitly by the compiler.
LaTeX files are intended to be converted to PDF, especially for offline reading or making hard copies. (LaTeX output is oftentimes better than HTML -> PDF conversion).
The doc2tex
:option: command:
nim doc2tex docgen_sample.nim
cd htmldocs
xelatex docgen_sample.tex
xelatex docgen_sample.tex
# It is usually necessary to run `xelatex` 2 times (or even 3 times for
# large documents) to get all labels generated.
# That depends on this warning in the end of `xelatex` output:
# LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right.
The output is docgen_sample.pdf
.
The generation of JSON documents is done via the jsondoc
:option: command.
This command takes in a .nim
file and outputs a .json
file with
the same base filename.
Note that this tool is built off of the doc
:option: command
(previously doc2
:option:), and contains the same information.
The jsondoc
:option: command:
nim jsondoc docgen_sample.nim
Output:
{
"orig": "docgen_sample.nim",
"nimble": "",
"moduleDescription": "This module is a sample",
"entries": [
{
"name": "helloWorld",
"type": "skProc",
"line": 5,
"col": 0,
"description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many "hello world!"s",
"code": "proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}"
}
]
}
Similarly to the old doc
:option: command, the old jsondoc
:option: command has been
renamed to jsondoc0
:option:.
The jsondoc0
:option: command:
nim jsondoc0 docgen_sample.nim
Output:
[
{
"comment": "This module is a sample."
},
{
"name": "helloWorld",
"type": "skProc",
"description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many "hello world!"s",
"code": "proc helloWorld*(times: int)"
}
]
Note that the jsondoc
:option: command outputs its JSON without pretty-printing it,
while jsondoc0
:option: outputs pretty-printed JSON.
It's possible to use normal Markdown/RST syntax to manually
reference Nim symbols using HTML anchors, however Nim has an automatic
facility that makes referencing inside .nim
and .md/.rst
files and
between them easy and seamless.
The point is that such links will be resolved automatically
by nim doc
:cmd: (or md2html
:option:, or jsondoc
:option:,
or doc2tex
:option:, ...). And, unlike manual links, such automatic
links check that their target exists -- a warning is emitted for
any broken link, so you avoid broken links in your project.
Nim treats both .md/.rst
files and .nim
modules (their doc comment
part) as documents uniformly.
Hence all directions of referencing are equally possible having the same syntax:
.md/rst
-> itself (internal). See [Markup local referencing]..md/rst
-> external .md/rst
. See [Markup external referencing].
To summarize, referencing in .md
/.rst
files was already described in
Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText,
while in this document we focus on Nim-specific details..md/rst
-> external .nim
. See [Nim external referencing]..nim
-> itself (internal). See [Nim local referencing]..nim
-> external .md/rst
. See [Markup external referencing]..nim
-> external .nim
. See [Nim external referencing].To put it shortly, local referencing always works out of the box,
external referencing requires to use .. importdoc:: <file>
directive to import file
and to ensure that the corresponding
.idx
file was generated.
Syntax for referencing is basically the same as for normal markup.
Recall from [Referencing] that our parser supports two equivalent syntaxes
for referencing, Markdown and RST one.
So to reference proc f
one should use something like that,
depending on markup type:
Markdown RST
Ref. [proc f] or [f] Ref. `proc f`_ or just f_ for a one-word case
You can reference Nim identifiers from Nim documentation comments
inside their .nim
file (or inside a .rst
file included from
a .nim
).
This pertains to any exported symbol like proc
, const
, iterator
, etc.
Link text is either one word or a group of words enclosed by delimiters
(brackets [...]
for Markdown or backticks \
...`_` for RST).
Link text will be displayed as is while link target will be set to
the anchor [^1] of Nim symbol that corresponds to link text.
[^1] anchors' format is described in [HTML anchor generation] section below.
If you have a constant:
const pi* = 3.14
then it should be referenced in one of the 2 forms:
A. non-qualified (no symbol kind specification):
pi_
B. qualified (with symbol kind specification):
`const pi`_
For routine kinds there are more options. Consider this definition:
proc foo*(a: int, b: float): string
Generally following syntax is allowed for referencing foo
:
A. non-qualified:
foo_
B. qualified:
`proc foo`_
A. non-qualified:
1) specifying parameters names:
`foo(a, b)`_
2) specifying parameters types:
`foo(int, float)`_
3) specifying both names and types:
`foo(a: int, b: float)`_
4) output parameter can also be specified if you wish:
`foo(a: int, b: float): string`_
B. qualified: all 4 options above are valid.
Particularly you can use the full format:
`proc foo(a: int, b: float): string`_
.. Tip:: Avoid cluttering your text with extraneous information by using one of shorter forms:
binarySearch_
`binarySearch(a, key, cmp)`_
Brevity is better for reading! If you use a short form and have an ambiguity problem (see below) then just add some additional info.
Symbol kind like proc
can also be specified in the postfix form:
`foo proc`_
`walkDir(d: string) iterator`_
.. Warning:: An ambiguity in resolving documentation links may arise because of:
collision with other Nim symbols:
routines with different parameters can exist e.g. for
proc
and template
. In this case they are split between their
corresponding sections in output file. Qualified references are
useful in this case -- just disambiguate by referring to these
sections explicitly:
See `foo proc`_ and `foo template`_.
because in Nim proc
and iterator
belong to different namespaces,
so there can be a collision even if parameters are the same.
Use \
proc foo`:literal: or
`iterator foo``:literal: then.
Any ambiguity is always reported with Nim compiler warnings and an anchor with higher priority is selected. Manual anchors have highest priority, then go automatic RST anchors; then Nim-generated anchors (while procs have higher priority than other Nim symbol kinds).
Generic parameters can also be used. All in all, this long form will be recognized fine:
`proc binarySearch*[T; K](a: openArray[T], key: K, cmp: proc(T, K)): int`_
Limitations:
The parameters of a nested routine type can be specified only with types (without parameter names, see form A.2 above). E.g. for this signature:
proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int
~~ ~~ ~~~~~
you cannot use names underlined by ~~
so it must be referenced with
cmp: proc(T, K)
. Hence these forms are valid:
`binarySearch(a: openArray[T], key: K, cmp: proc(T, K))`_
`binarySearch(openArray[T], K, proc(T, K))`_
`binarySearch(a, key, cmp)`_
Default values in routine parameters are not recognized, one needs to
specify the type and/or name instead. E.g. for referencing proc f(x = 7)
use one of the mentioned forms:
f(int)
_ or f(x)
_ or f(x: int)
_.
Generic parameters must be given the same way as in the definition of referenced symbol.
.. Note:: A bit special case is operators
(as their signature is also defined with \
`):
```Nim
func `$`(x: MyType): string
func `[]`*[T](x: openArray[T]): T
```
A short form works without additional backticks:
`$`_
`[]`_
However for fully-qualified reference copy-pasting backticks (`) into other backticks will not work in our RST parser (because we use Markdown-like inline markup rules). You need either to delete backticks or keep them and escape with backslash \:
no backticks: `func $`_
escaped: `func \`$\``_
no backticks: `func [][T](x: openArray[T]): T`_
escaped: `func \`[]\`[T](x: openArray[T]): T`_
.. Note:: Types that defined as enum
, or object
, or tuple
can also be
referenced with those names directly (instead of type
):
type CopyFlag = enum
...
## Ref. `CopyFlag enum`_
Just like for [Markup external referencing], which saves markup anchors,
the Nim symbols are also saved in .idx
files, so one needs
to generate them beforehand, and they should be loaded by
an .. importdoc::
directive. Arguments to .. importdoc::
is a
comma-separated list of Nim modules or Markdown/RST documents.
--index:only
:option: tells Nim to only generate .idx
file and
do not attempt to generate HTML/LaTeX output.
For .nim
modules there are 2 alternatives to work with .idx
files:
.idx
files,
however, if importdoc
is called on upper modules as its arguments,
their .idx
are not yet created. Thus one should generate all
required .idx
first:
cmd
nim doc --project --index:only <main>.nim
nim doc --project <main>.nim
nim doc --index:only <module.nim>
:cmd: command for all (used)
Nim modules in your project. Then run nim doc <module.nim>
on them for
output HTML generation... Warning:: A mere nim doc --index:on
:cmd: may fail on an attempt to do
``importdoc`` from another module (for which ``.idx`` was not yet
generated), that's why `--index:only`:option: shall be used instead.
For .md
/.rst
markup documents point 2 is the only option.
Then, you can freely use something like this in your_module.nim
:
## .. importdoc:: user_manual.md, another_module.nim
...
## Ref. [some section from User Manual].
...
## Ref. [proc f]
## (assuming you have a proc `f` in ``another_module``).
and compile it by nim doc
:cmd:. Note that link text will
be automatically prefixed by the module name of symbol,
so you will see something like "Ref. another_module: proc f"
in the generated output.
It's also possible to reference a whole module by prefixing or suffixing full canonical module name with "module":
Ref. [module subdir/name] or [subdir/name module].
Markup documents as a whole can be referenced just by their title (or by their file name if the title was not set) without any prefix.
.. Tip:: During development process the stage of .idx
files generation
can be done only once, after that you use already generated .idx
files while working with a document being developed (unless you do
incompatible changes to referenced documents).
.. Hint:: After changing a referenced document file one may need
to regenerate its corresponding .idx
file to get correct results.
Of course, when referencing internally inside any given .nim
file,
it's not needed, one can even immediately use any freshly added anchor
(a document's own .idx
file is not used for resolving its internal links).
If an importdoc
directive fails to find a .idx
, then an error
is emitted.
In case of such compilation failures please note that:
all relative paths, given to importdoc
, relate to insides of
OUTDIR
, and not project's directory structure.
importdoc
searches for .idx
in --outdir:OUTDIR
:option: directory
(htmldocs
by default) and not around original modules, so:
.. Tip:: look into OUTDIR
to understand what's going on.
.html
and .idx
files should always be
output to the same directory, so check this and, if it's not true, check
that both runs with and without --index:only
:option: have all
other options the same.To summarize, for 2 basic options of [Structuring output directories] compilation options are different:
1) complex hierarchy with --project
:option: switch.
As the original project's directory structure is replicated in
OUTDIR
, all passed paths are related to this structure also.
E.g. if a module path1/module.nim
does
.. importdoc:: path2/another.nim
then docgen tries to load file
OUTDIR/path1/path2/another.idx
.
.. Note:: markup documents are just placed into the specified directory
`OUTDIR`:option: by default (i.e. they are **not** affected by
`--project`:option:), so if you have ``PROJECT/doc/manual.md``
document and want to use complex hirearchy (with ``doc/``),
compile it with `--docroot`:option:\:
```cmd
# 1st stage
nim md2html --outdir:OUTDIR --docroot:/absolute/path/to/PROJECT \
--index:only PROJECT/doc/manual.md
...
# 2nd stage
nim md2html --outdir:OUTDIR --docroot:/absolute/path/to/PROJECT \
PROJECT/doc/manual.md
```
Then the output file will be placed as ``OUTDIR/doc/manual.idx``.
So if you have ``PROJECT/path1/module.nim``, then ``manual.md`` can
be referenced as ``../doc/manual.md``.
2) flattened structure.
E.g. if a module path1/module.nim
does
.. importdoc:: path2/another.nim
then docgen tries to load
OUTDIR/path2/another.idx
, so the path path1
does not matter and providing path2
can be useful only
in the case it contains another package that was placed there
using --outdir:OUTDIR/path2
:option:.
The links' text will be prefixed as another: ...
in both cases.
.. Warning:: Again, the same --outdir:OUTDIR
:option: option should
be provided to both `doc --index:only`:option: /
`md2html --index:only`:option: and final generation by
`doc`:option:/`md2html`:option: inside 1 package.
To temporarily disable importdoc
, e.g. if you don't need
correct link resolution at the moment, use a --noImportdoc
:option: switch
(only warnings about unresolved links will be generated for external references).
nim doc --project filename.nim
This will recursively generate documentation of all Nim modules imported
into the input module that belong to the Nimble package that filename.nim
belongs to. The index files and the corresponding theindex.html
will
also be generated.
nim doc --index:on filename.nim
This will generate an index of all the exported symbols in the input Nim
module, and put it into a neighboring file with the extension of .idx
. The
index file is line-oriented (newlines have to be escaped). Each line
represents a tab-separated record of several columns, the first two mandatory,
the rest optional. See the [Index (idx) file format] section for details.
.. Note:: --index
:option: switch only affects creation of .idx
index files, while user-searchable Index HTML file is created by
buildIndex
:option: commmand.
Once index files have been generated for one or more modules, the Nim
compiler command nim buildIndex directory
:cmd: can be run to go over all the index
files in the specified directory to generate a theindex.html
file:
nim buildIndex -o:path/to/htmldocs/theindex.html path/to/htmldocs
nim doc --git.url:<url> filename.nim
With the git.url
:option: switch the See source hyperlink will appear below each
documented item in your source code pointing to the implementation of that
item on a GitHub repository.
You can click the link to see the implementation of the item.
The git.commit
:option: switch overrides the hardcoded devel
branch in
config/nimdoc.cfg
.
This is useful to link to a different branch e.g. --git.commit:master
:option:,
or to a tag e.g. --git.commit:1.2.3
:option: or a commit.
Source URLs are generated as href="${url}/tree/${commit}/${path}#L${line}"
by default and thus compatible with GitHub but not with GitLab.
Similarly, git.devel
:option: switch overrides the hardcoded devel
branch
for the Edit
link which is also useful if you have a different working
branch than devel
e.g. --git.devel:master
:option:.
Edit URLs are generated as href="${url}/tree/${devel}/${path}#L${line}"
by default.
You can edit config/nimdoc.cfg
and modify the doc.item.seesrc
value
with a hyperlink to your own code repository.
In the case of Nim's own documentation, the commit
value is just a commit
hash to append to a formatted URL to https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim.
The Nim compiler also has support for RST (reStructuredText) files with
the rst2html
:option: and rst2tex
:option: commands. Documents like this one are
initially written in a dialect of RST which adds support for Nim source code
highlighting with the .. code-block:: nim
prefix. code-block
also
supports highlighting of a few other languages supported by the
packages/docutils/highlite module.
See Markdown and RST markup languages for usage of those commands.
When you run the rst2html
:option: command, all sections in the RST document will
get an anchor you can hyperlink to. Usually, you can guess the anchor lower
casing the section title and replacing spaces with dashes, and in any case, you
can get it from the table of contents. But when you run the doc
:option:
command to generate API documentation, some symbol get one or two anchors at
the same time: a numerical identifier, or a plain name plus a complex name.
The numerical identifier is just a random number. The number gets assigned according to the section and position of the symbol in the file being processed and you should not rely on it being constant: if you add or remove a symbol the numbers may shuffle around.
The plain name of a symbol is a simplified version of its fully exported signature. Variables or constants have the same plain name symbol as their complex name. The plain name for procs, templates, and other callable types will be their unquoted value after removing parameters, return types, and pragmas. The plain name allows short and nice linking of symbols that works unless you have a module with collisions due to overloading.
If you hyperlink a plain name symbol and there are other matches on the same HTML file, most browsers will go to the first one. To differentiate the rest, you will need to use the complex name. A complex name for a callable type is made up of several parts:
(plain symbol)(.type),(first param)?(,param type)*
The first thing to note is that all callable types have at least a comma, even if they don't have any parameters. If there are parameters, they are represented by their types and will be comma-separated. To the plain symbol a suffix may be added depending on the type of the callable:
============== ==============
Callable type Suffix
============== ==============
proc
, func
empty string
macro
.m
method
.e
iterator
.i
template
.t
converter
.c
============== ==============
The relationship of type to suffix is made by the proc complexName
in the
compiler/docgen.nim
file. Here are some examples of complex names for
symbols in the system module.
type SomeSignedInt = int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64
=>
#SomeSignedIntvar globalRaiseHook: proc (e: ref E_Base): bool {.nimcall.}
=>
#globalRaiseHookconst NimVersion = "0.0.0"
=>
#NimVersionproc getTotalMem(): int {.rtl, raises: [], tags: [].}
=>
#getTotalMemproc len[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
=>
#len,seq[T]iterator pairs[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.}
=>
#pairs.i,seq[T]template newException[](exceptn: typedesc; message: string;
parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped
=>
#newException.t,typedesc,string,ref.ExceptionFiles with the .idx
extension are generated when you use the [Index
switch] along with commands to generate
documentation from source or text files. You can programmatically generate
indices with the setIndexTerm()
and writeIndexFile() <rstgen.html#writeIndexFile,RstGenerator,string>
_ procs.
The purpose of idx
files is to hold the interesting symbols and their HTML
references so they can be later concatenated into a big index file with
mergeIndexes(). This section documents
the file format in detail.
Index files are line-oriented and tab-separated (newline and tab characters have to be escaped). Each line represents a record with 6 fields. The content of these columns is:
markupTitle
: a title for .md
/.rst
document
nimTitle
: a title of .nim
module
heading
: heading of sections, can be both in Nim and markup files
idx
: terms marked with :idx: role
nim
: a Nim symbol
nimgrp
: a Nim group for overloadable symbols like proc
s
algorithm.html#*,int,SortOrder
).The index generation tools differentiate between documentation
generated from .nim
files and documentation generated from .md
or
.rst
files by tag nimTitle
or markupTitle
in the 1st line of
the .idx
file.
.. TODO Normal symbols are added to the index with surrounding whitespaces removed. An
exception to this are the table of content (TOC) entries. TOC entries are added to
the index file with their third column having as much prefix spaces as their
level is in the TOC (at least 1 character). The prefix whitespace helps to
filter TOC entries from API or text symbols. This is important because the
amount of spaces is used to replicate the hierarchy for document TOCs in the
final index, and TOC entries found in .nim
files are discarded.
already mentioned documentation for Markdown and RST markup languages, which also contains the list of implemented features of these markup languages.
the implementation is in [module compiler/docgen].
The output for HTML and LaTeX comes from the config/nimdoc.cfg
and
config/nimdoc.tex.cfg
configuration files. You can add and modify these
files to your project to change the look of the docgen output.
You can import the packages/docutils/rstgen module in your programs if you want to reuse the compiler's documentation generation procs.