===================================

Nim Compiler User Guide

:Author: Andreas Rumpf :Version: |nimversion|

.. default-role:: code .. include:: rstcommon.rst .. contents::

"Look at you, hacker. A pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and sweating as you run through my corridors. How can you challenge a perfect, immortal machine?"

Introduction

This document describes the usage of the Nim compiler on the different supported platforms. It is not a definition of the Nim programming language (which is covered in the manual).

Nim is free software; it is licensed under the MIT License.

Compiler Usage

Command-line switches

All options that take a PATH or DIR argument are subject to path substitution:

$nim: The global nim prefix path
$lib: The stdlib path
$home and ~: The user's home path
$config: The directory of the module currently being compiled
$projectname: The project file's name without file extension
$projectpath and $projectdir: The project file's path
$nimcache: The nimcache path

Basic command-line switches are:

.. no syntax highlighting in the below included files at the moment .. default-role:: code

Usage:

.. include:: basicopt.txt

Advanced command-line switches are:

.. include:: advopt.txt

.. include:: rstcommon.rst

List of warnings

Each warning can be activated individually with --warning:NAME:on|off:option: or in a push pragma with {.warning[NAME]:on|off.}.

                             working could not be opened.

OctalEscape The code contains an unsupported octal

                             sequence.

Deprecated The code uses a deprecated symbol. ConfigDeprecated The project makes use of a deprecated config

                             file.

SmallLshouldNotBeUsed The letter 'l' should not be used as an

                             identifier.

EachIdentIsTuple The code contains a confusing var

                             declaration.

CStringConv Warn about dangerous implicit conversions

                             to `cstring`.

EnumConv Warn about conversions from enum to enum. AnyEnumConv Warn about any conversions to an enum type. HoleEnumConv Warn about conversion to an enum with

                             holes. These conversions are unsafe.

ResultUsed Warn about the usage of the

                             built-in `result` variable.

User Some user-defined warning. ========================== ============================================

List of hints

Each hint can be activated individually with --hint:NAME:on|off:option: or in a push pragma with {.hint[NAME]:on|off.}.

========================== ============================================ Name Description ========================== ============================================ CC Shows when the C compiler is called. CodeBegin CodeEnd CondTrue Conf A config file was loaded. ConvToBaseNotNeeded ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded Dependency Exec Program is executed. ExprAlwaysX ExtendedContext GCStats Dumps statistics about the Garbage Collector. GlobalVar Shows global variables declarations. Link Linking phase. Name Path Search paths modifications. Pattern Performance Processing Artifact being compiled. QuitCalled Source The source line that triggered a diagnostic

                             message.

StackTrace Success, SuccessX Successful compilation of a library or a binary. User UserRaw XDeclaredButNotUsed Unused symbols in the code. ========================== ============================================

Verbosity levels

===== ============================================ Level Description ===== ============================================ 0 Minimal output level for the compiler. 1 Displays compilation of all the compiled files, including those imported

   by other modules or through the [compile pragma](
   manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-pragma).
   This is the default level.

2 Displays compilation statistics, enumerates the dynamic

   libraries that will be loaded by the final binary, and dumps to
   standard output the result of applying [a filter to the source code](
   filters.html) if any filter was used during compilation.

3 In addition to the previous levels dumps a debug stack trace

   for compiler developers.

===== ============================================

Compile-time symbols

Through the -d:x:option: or --define:x:option: switch you can define compile-time symbols for conditional compilation. The defined switches can be checked in source code with the when statement and defined proc. The typical use of this switch is to enable builds in release mode (-d:release:option:) where optimizations are enabled for better performance. Another common use is the -d:ssl:option: switch to activate SSL sockets.

Additionally, you may pass a value along with the symbol: -d:x=y:option: which may be used in conjunction with the compile-time define pragmas to override symbols during build time.

Compile-time symbols are completely case insensitive and underscores are ignored too. --define:FOO:option: and --define:foo:option: are identical.

Compile-time symbols starting with the nim prefix are reserved for the implementation and should not be used elsewhere.

                             functions for setjmp-based exceptions. This is
                             the default on most platforms.

nimSigSetjmp Use sigsetjmp()/siglongjmp() for setjmp-based exceptions. nimRawSetjmp Use _setjmp()/_longjmp() on POSIX and _setjmp()/longjmp()

                             on Windows, for setjmp-based exceptions. It's the default on
                             BSDs and BSD-like platforms, where it's significantly faster
                             than the standard functions.

nimBuiltinSetjmp Use __builtin_setjmp()/__builtin_longjmp() for setjmp-based

                             exceptions. This will not work if an exception is being thrown
                             and caught inside the same procedure. Useful for benchmarking.

========================== ============================================

Configuration files

Note: The project file name is the name of the .nim file that is passed as a command-line argument to the compiler.

The nim:cmd: executable processes configuration files in the following directories (in this order; later files overwrite previous settings):

1) $nim/config/nim.cfg, /etc/nim/nim.cfg (UNIX) or <Nim's installation directory>\config\nim.cfg (Windows). This file can be skipped with the --skipCfg:option: command line option. 2) If environment variable XDG_CONFIG_HOME is defined, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/nim.cfg or ~/.config/nim/nim.cfg (POSIX) or %APPDATA%/nim/nim.cfg (Windows). This file can be skipped with the --skipUserCfg:option: command line option. 3) $parentDir/nim.cfg where $parentDir stands for any parent directory of the project file's path. These files can be skipped with the --skipParentCfg:option: command-line option. 4) $projectDir/nim.cfg where $projectDir stands for the project file's path. This file can be skipped with the --skipProjCfg:option: command-line option. 5) A project can also have a project-specific configuration file named $project.nim.cfg that resides in the same directory as $project.nim. This file can be skipped with the --skipProjCfg:option: command-line option.

Command-line settings have priority over configuration file settings.

The default build of a project is a debug build:idx:. To compile a release build:idx: define the release symbol:

  nim c -d:release myproject.nim

To compile a dangerous release build:idx: define the danger symbol:

  nim c -d:danger myproject.nim

Search path handling

Nim has the concept of a global search path (PATH) that is queried to determine where to find imported modules or include files. If multiple files are found an ambiguity error is produced.

nim dump:cmd: shows the contents of the PATH.

However before the PATH is used the current directory is checked for the file's existence. So if PATH contains $lib and $lib/bar and the directory structure looks like this:

$lib/x.nim
$lib/bar/x.nim
foo/x.nim
foo/main.nim
other.nim

And main imports x, foo/x is imported. If other imports x then both $lib/x.nim and $lib/bar/x.nim match but $lib/x.nim is used as it is the first match.

Generated C code directory

The generated files that Nim produces all go into a subdirectory called nimcache. Its full path is

$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nim/$projectname(_r|_d) or ~/.cache/nim/$projectname(_r|_d) on Posix
$HOME\nimcache\$projectname(_r|_d) on Windows.

The _r suffix is used for release builds, _d is for debug builds.

This makes it easy to delete all generated files.

The --nimcache:option: [compiler switch][command-line switches] can be used to to change the nimcache directory.

However, the generated C code is not platform-independent. C code generated for Linux does not compile on Windows, for instance. The comment on top of the C file lists the OS, CPU, and CC the file has been compiled for.

Compiler Selection

To change the compiler from the default compiler (at the command line):

  nim c --cc:llvm_gcc --compile_only myfile.nim

This uses the configuration defined in config\nim.cfg for llvm_gcc:cmd:.

If nimcache already contains compiled code from a different compiler for the same project, add the -f:option: flag to force all files to be recompiled.

The default compiler is defined at the top of config\nim.cfg. Changing this setting affects the compiler used by koch:cmd: to (re)build Nim.

To use the CC environment variable, use nim c --cc:env myfile.nim:cmd:. To use the CXX environment variable, use nim cpp --cc:env myfile.nim:cmd:. --cc:env:option: is available since Nim version 1.4.

Cross-compilation

To cross compile, use for example:

  nim c --cpu:i386 --os:linux --compileOnly --genScript myproject.nim

Then move the C code and the compile script compile_myproject.sh:cmd: to your Linux i386 machine and run the script.

Another way is to make Nim invoke a cross compiler toolchain:

  nim c --cpu:arm --os:linux myproject.nim

For cross compilation, the compiler invokes a C compiler named like $cpu.$os.$cc (for example arm.linux.gcc) with options defined in $cpu.$os.$cc.options.always. The configuration system is used to provide meaningful defaults. For example, for Linux on a 32-bit ARM CPU, your configuration file should contain something like:

arm.linux.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"
arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gcc"
arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gcc"
arm.linux.gcc.options.always = "-w -fmax-errors=3"

Cross-compilation for Windows

To cross-compile for Windows from Linux or macOS using the MinGW-w64 toolchain:

  nim c -d:mingw myproject.nim
  # `nim r` also works, running the binary via `wine` or `wine64`:
  nim r -d:mingw --eval:'import os; echo "a" / "b"'

Use --cpu:i386:option: or --cpu:amd64:option: to switch the CPU architecture.

The MinGW-w64 toolchain can be installed as follows:

  apt install mingw-w64   # Ubuntu
  yum install mingw32-gcc
  yum install mingw64-gcc # CentOS - requires EPEL
  brew install mingw-w64  # OSX

Cross-compilation for Android

There are two ways to compile for Android: terminal programs (Termux) and with the NDK (Android Native Development Kit).

The first one is to treat Android as a simple Linux and use Termux to connect and run the Nim compiler directly on android as if it was Linux. These programs are console-only programs that can't be distributed in the Play Store.

Use regular nim c:cmd: inside termux to make Android terminal programs.

Normal Android apps are written in Java, to use Nim inside an Android app you need a small Java stub that calls out to a native library written in Nim using the NDK. You can also use native-activity to have the Java stub be auto-generated for you.

Use nim c -c --cpu:arm --os:android -d:androidNDK --noMain:on:cmd: to generate the C source files you need to include in your Android Studio project. Add the generated C files to CMake build script in your Android project. Then do the final compile with Android Studio which uses Gradle to call CMake to compile the project.

Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-style main():c: so you would need to define your own android_main:c: and init the Java environment, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM to do it. After the Android stuff is done, it's very important to call NimMain():c: in order to initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top level statements of your program.

  proc NimMain() {.importc.}
  proc glfmMain*(display: ptr GLFMDisplay) {.exportc.} =
    NimMain() # initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack

The name NimMain can be influenced via the --nimMainPrefix:prefix switch. Use --nimMainPrefix:MyLib and the function to call is named MyLibNimMain.

Cross-compilation for iOS

To cross-compile for iOS you need to be on a macOS computer and use XCode. Normal languages for iOS development are Swift and Objective C. Both of these use LLVM and can be compiled into object files linked together with C, C++ or Objective C code produced by Nim.

Use nim c -c --os:ios --noMain:on:cmd: to generate C files and include them in your XCode project. Then you can use XCode to compile, link, package and sign everything.

Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-style main():c: so you would need to define main that calls autoreleasepool and UIApplicationMain to do it, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM. After the iOS setup is done, it's very important to call NimMain():c: to initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top-level statements of your program.

  proc NimMain() {.importc.}
  proc glfmMain*(display: ptr GLFMDisplay) {.exportc.} =
    NimMain() # initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack

Note: XCode's "make clean" gets confused about the generated nim.c files, so you need to clean those files manually to do a clean build.

The name NimMain can be influenced via the --nimMainPrefix:prefix switch. Use --nimMainPrefix:MyLib and the function to call is named MyLibNimMain.

Cross-compilation for Nintendo Switch

Simply add --os:nintendoswitch:option: to your usual nim c:cmd: or nim cpp:cmd: command and set the passC:option: and passL:option: command line switches to something like:

  nim c ... --d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc --mm:orc --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include" ...
  --passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"

or setup a nim.cfg file like so:

#nim.cfg
--mm:orc
--d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc
--define:nimInheritHandles
--passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"
--passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"

The devkitPro setup must be the same as the default with their new installer here for Mac/Linux or here for Windows.

For example, with the above-mentioned config:

  nim c --os:nintendoswitch switchhomebrew.nim

This will generate a file called switchhomebrew.elf which can then be turned into an nro file with the elf2nro:cmd: tool in the devkitPro release. Examples can be found at the nim-libnx github repo.

There are a few things that don't work because the devkitPro libraries don't support them. They are:

Waiting for a subprocess to finish. A subprocess can be started, but right now it can't be waited on, which sort of makes subprocesses a bit hard to use
Dynamic calls. Switch OS (Horizon) doesn't support dynamic libraries, so dlopen/dlclose are not available.
mqueue. Sadly there are no mqueue headers.
ucontext. No headers for these either. No coroutines for now :(
nl_types. No headers for this.
As mmap is not supported, the nimAllocPagesViaMalloc option has to be used.

GPU Compilation

Compiling for GPU computation can be achieved with --cc:nvcc for CUDA with nvcc, or with --cc:hipcc for AMD GPUs with HIP. Both compilers require building for C++ with nim cpp.

Here's a very simple CUDA kernel example using emit, which can be compiled with nim cpp --cc:nvcc --define:"useMalloc" hello_kernel.nim assuming you have the CUDA toolkit installed.

{.emit: """
__global__ void add(int a, int b) {
  int c;
  c = a + b;
}
""".}

proc main() =
  {.emit: """
  add<<<1,1>>>(2,7);
  """.}

main()

DLL generation

Note: The same rules apply to lib*.so shared object files on UNIX. For better readability only the DLL version is described here.

Nim supports the generation of DLLs. However, there must be only one instance of the GC per process/address space. This instance is contained in nimrtl.dll. This means that every generated Nim DLL depends on nimrtl.dll. To generate the "nimrtl.dll" file, use the command:

  nim c -d:release lib/nimrtl.nim

To link against nimrtl.dll use the command:

  nim c -d:useNimRtl myprog.nim

Additional compilation switches

The standard library supports a growing number of useX conditional defines affecting how some features are implemented. This section tries to give a complete list.

====================== ========================================================= Define Effect ====================== ========================================================= release Turns on the optimizer.

                     More aggressive optimizations are possible, e.g.:
                     `--passC:-ffast-math`:option: (but see issue #10305)

danger Turns off all runtime checks and turns on the optimizer. useFork Makes osproc use fork:c: instead of posix_spawn:c:. useNimRtl Compile and link against nimrtl.dll. useMalloc Makes Nim use C's malloc:idx: instead of Nim's

                     own memory manager, albeit prefixing each allocation with
                     its size to support clearing memory on reallocation.
                     This only works with `--mm:none`:option:,
                     `--mm:arc`:option: and `--mm:orc`:option:.

useRealtimeGC Enables support of Nim's GC for soft realtime

                     systems. See the documentation of the [refc](refc.html)
                     for further information.

logGC Enable GC logging to stdout. nodejs The JS target is actually node.js. ssl Enables OpenSSL support for the sockets module. memProfiler Enables memory profiling for the native GC. uClibc Use uClibc instead of libc. (Relevant for Unix-like OSes) checkAbi When using types from C headers, add checks that compare

                     what's in the Nim file with what's in the C header.
                     This may become enabled by default in the future.

tempDir This symbol takes a string as its value, like

                     `--define:tempDir:/some/temp/path`:option: to override
                     the temporary directory returned by `os.getTempDir()`.
                     The value **should** end with a directory separator
                     character. (Relevant for the Android platform)

useShPath This symbol takes a string as its value, like

                     `--define:useShPath:/opt/sh/bin/sh`:option: to override
                     the path for the `sh`:cmd: binary, in cases where it is
                     not located in the default location ``/bin/sh``.

noSignalHandler Disable the crash handler from system.nim. globalSymbols Load all {.dynlib.} libraries with the RTLD_GLOBAL:c:

                     flag on Posix systems to resolve symbols in subsequently
                     loaded libraries.

lto Enable link-time optimization in the backend compiler and

                     linker.

lto_incremental Enable link-time optimization and additionally enable

                     incremental linking for compilers that support it.
                     Currently only clang and vcc.

strip Strip debug symbols added by the backend compiler from

                     the executable.

====================== =========================================================

Additional Features

This section describes Nim's additional features that are not listed in the Nim manual. Some of the features here only make sense for the C code generator and are subject to change.

LineDir option

The --lineDir:option: option can be turned on or off. If turned on the generated C code contains #line:c: directives. This may be helpful for debugging with GDB.

StackTrace option

If the --stackTrace:option: option is turned on, the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces are given if the program crashes or some uncaught exception is raised.

LineTrace option

The --lineTrace:option: option implies the stackTrace:option: option. If turned on, the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces with line number information are given if the program crashes or an uncaught exception is raised.

DynlibOverride

By default Nim's dynlib pragma causes the compiler to generate GetProcAddress:cpp: (or their Unix counterparts) calls to bind to a DLL. With the dynlibOverride:option: command line switch this can be prevented and then via --passL:option: the static library can be linked against. For instance, to link statically against Lua this command might work on Linux:

  nim c --dynlibOverride:lua --passL:liblua.lib program.nim

Backend language options

The typical compiler usage involves using the compile:option: or c:option: command to transform a .nim file into one or more .c files which are then compiled with the platform's C compiler into a static binary. However, there are other commands to compile to C++, Objective-C, or JavaScript. More details can be read in the Nim Backend Integration document.

Nim documentation tools

Nim provides the doc:idx: command to generate HTML documentation from .nim source files. Only exported symbols will appear in the output. For more details see the docgen documentation.

Nim idetools integration

Nim provides language integration with external IDEs through the idetools command. See the documentation of idetools for further information.

.. Nim interactive mode ====================

The Nim compiler supports an interactive mode. This is also known as a REPL:idx: (read eval print loop). If Nim has been built with the -d:nimUseLinenoise switch, it uses the GNU readline library for terminal input management. To start Nim in interactive mode use the command nim secret. To quit use the quit() command. To determine whether an input line is an incomplete statement to be continued these rules are used:

The line ends with [-+*/\\<>!\?\|%&$@~,;:=#^]\s*$ (operator symbol followed by optional whitespace).
The line starts with a space (indentation).
The line is within a triple quoted string literal. However, the detection does not work if the line contains more than one """.

Nim for embedded systems

While the default Nim configuration is targeted for optimal performance on modern PC hardware and operating systems with ample memory, it is very well possible to run Nim code and a good part of the Nim standard libraries on small embedded microprocessors with only a few kilobytes of memory.

A good start is to use the any operating target together with the malloc memory allocator and the arc garbage collector. For example:

  nim c --os:any --mm:arc -d:useMalloc [...] x.nim

--mm:arc:option: will enable the reference counting memory management instead of the default garbage collector. This enables Nim to use heap memory which is required for strings and seqs, for example.
The --os:any:option: target makes sure Nim does not depend on any specific operating system primitives. Your platform should support only some basic ANSI C library stdlib and stdio functions which should be available on almost any platform.
The -d:useMalloc:option: option configures Nim to use only the standard C memory manage primitives malloc():c:, free():c:, realloc():c:.

If your platform does not provide these functions it should be trivial to provide an implementation for them and link these to your program.

For targets with very restricted memory, it might be beneficial to pass some additional flags to both the Nim compiler and the C compiler and/or linker to optimize the build for size. For example, the following flags can be used when targeting a gcc compiler:

--opt:size -d:lto -d:strip:option:

The --opt:size:option: flag instructs Nim to optimize code generation for small size (with the help of the C compiler), the -d:lto:option: flags enable link-time optimization in the compiler and linker, the -d:strip:option: strips debug symbols.

Check the [Cross-compilation] section for instructions on how to compile the program for your target.

nimAllocPagesViaMalloc

Nim's default allocator is based on TLSF, this algorithm was designed for embedded devices. This allocator gets blocks/pages of memory via a currently undocumented osalloc API which usually uses POSIX's mmap call. On many environments mmap is not available but C's malloc is. You can use the nimAllocPagesViaMalloc define to use malloc instead of mmap. nimAllocPagesViaMalloc is currently only supported with --mm:arc or --mm:orc. (Since version 1.6)

nimPage256 / nimPage512 / nimPage1k

Adjust the page size for Nim's GC allocator. This enables using nimAllocPagesViaMalloc on devices with less RAM. The default page size requires too much RAM to work.

Recommended settings:

< 32 kB of RAM use nimPage256
< 512 kB of RAM use nimPage512
< 2 MB of RAM use nimPage1k

Initial testing hasn't shown much difference between 512B or 1kB page sizes in terms of performance or latency. Using nimPages256 will limit the total amount of allocatable RAM.

nimMemAlignTiny

Sets MemAlign to 4 bytes which reduces the memory alignment to better match some embedded devices.

Thread stack size

Nim's thread API provides a simple wrapper around more advanced RTOS task features. Customizing the stack size and stack guard size can be done by setting -d:nimThreadStackSize=16384 or -d:nimThreadStackGuard=32.

Currently only Zephyr, NuttX and FreeRTOS support these configurations.

Nim for realtime systems

See the --mm:arc or --mm:orc memory management settings in MM for further information.

Signal handling in Nim

The Nim programming language has no concept of Posix's signal handling mechanisms. However, the standard library offers some rudimentary support for signal handling, in particular, segmentation faults are turned into fatal errors that produce a stack trace. This can be disabled with the -d:noSignalHandler:option: switch.

Optimizing for Nim

Nim has no separate optimizer, but the C code that is produced is very efficient. Most C compilers have excellent optimizers, so usually it is not needed to optimize one's code. Nim has been designed to encourage efficient code: The most readable code in Nim is often the most efficient too.

However, sometimes one has to optimize. Do it in the following order:

switch off the embedded debugger (it is slow!)
turn on the optimizer and turn off runtime checks
profile your code to find where the bottlenecks are
try to find a better algorithm
do low-level optimizations

This section can only help you with the last item.

Optimizing string handling

String assignments are sometimes expensive in Nim: They are required to copy the whole string. However, the compiler is often smart enough to not copy strings. Due to the argument passing semantics, strings are never copied when passed to subroutines. The compiler does not copy strings that are a result of a procedure call, because the callee returns a new string anyway. Thus it is efficient to do:

  var s = procA() # assignment will not copy the string; procA allocates a new
                  # string already

However, it is not efficient to do:

  var s = varA    # assignment has to copy the whole string into a new buffer!

For let symbols a copy is not always necessary:

  let s = varA    # may only copy a pointer if it safe to do so

The compiler optimizes string case statements: A hashing scheme is used for them if several different string constants are used. So code like this is reasonably efficient:

  case normalize(k.key)
  of "name": c.name = v
  of "displayname": c.displayName = v
  of "version": c.version = v
  of "os": c.oses = split(v, {';'})
  of "cpu": c.cpus = split(v, {';'})
  of "authors": c.authors = split(v, {';'})
  of "description": c.description = v
  of "app":
    case normalize(v)
    of "console": c.app = appConsole
    of "gui": c.app = appGUI
    else: quit(errorStr(p, "expected: console or gui"))
  of "license": c.license = UnixToNativePath(k.value)
  else: quit(errorStr(p, "unknown variable: " & k.key))

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