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  1. <head>
    2. 

  2. <title>vi Reference</title>
    3. 

  3. <link rel="help" href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/vi-Reference/122185502017" />
    4. 

  4. </head>
    5. 

  5. <body>
    6. 

  6. <table border=0>
    7. 

  7. <tr valign=bottom>
    8. 

  8. <td width=90%>
    9. 

  9. <h1><tt>vi Reference</tt></h1>
    10. 

  10. </td>
    11. 

  11. <td>
    12. 

  12.  <script src="http://static.ak.facebook.com/js/api_lib/v0.4/FeatureLoader.js.php/en_US" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">FB.init("90aa59336a14bf3bb1b0e2a79a685b9b");</script><fb:fan profile_id="122185502017" stream="" connections="" width="300"></fb:fan><div style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:10px; padding-left:10px"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/vi-Reference/122185502017">vi Reference on Facebook</a> is a blog that provides answers to topics suggested in the search engine hits that lead people to this page.</div>
    13. 

  13. </td>
    14. 

  14. </tr>
    15. 

  15. </table>
    16. 

  16. <hr>
    17. 

  17. <pre>
    18. 

  18. 

  19.     Warning: some vi versions don't support the more esoteric features
    20. 

  20.     described in this document.  You can edit/redistribute this document
    21. 

  21.     freely, as long as you don't make false claims on original authorship.
    22. 

  22. 

  23.     Author: Maarten Litmaath &lt;maart@nat.vu.nl&gt;
    24. 

  24.     Maintainer: James Hu &lt;jxh@despammed.com&gt;
    25. 

  25.     Version: 11
    26. 

  26. 

  27.     This document is also available in <a href="vi.reference">plaintext</a> and <a href="vi.reference.pdf">PDF</a>.
    28. 

  28. 

  29. </pre>
    30. 

  30. <hr>
    31. 

  31. <table>
    32. 

  32. <tr>
    33. 

  33. <td><a href="#s20">k</a></td>
    34. 

  34. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s2">contents</a></font></tt></th>
    35. 

  35. </tr>
    36. 

  36. <tr>
    37. 

  37. <td><a href="#s3">j</a></td>
    38. 

  38. </tr>
    39. 

  39. </table>
    40. 

  40. <pre>
    41. 

  41. 

  42.     <a href="#s3">contributions</a>
    43. 

  43.     <a href="#s4">legenda</a>
    44. 

  44.     <a href="#s5">move commands</a>
    45. 

  45.     <a href="#s6">searching</a>
    46. 

  46.     <a href="#s7">undoing changes</a>
    47. 

  47.     <a href="#s8">appending text</a>
    48. 

  48.     <a href="#s9">deleting text</a>
    49. 

  49.     <a href="#s10">changing text</a>
    50. 

  50.     <a href="#s11">substitute replacement patterns</a>
    51. 

  51.     <a href="#s12">remembering text</a>
    52. 

  52.     <a href="#s13">commands while in append|change mode</a>
    53. 

  53.     <a href="#s14">writing, editing other files, and quitting vi</a>
    54. 

  54.     <a href="#s15">display commands</a>
    55. 

  55.     <a href="#s16">mapping and abbreviation</a>
    56. 

  56.     <a href="#s17">switch and shell commands</a>
    57. 

  57.     <a href="#s18">vi startup</a>
    58. 

  58.     <a href="#s19">changing and viewing options</a>
    59. 

  59.     <a href="#s20">the most important options</a>
    60. 

  60. 

  61. </pre>
    62. 

  62. <hr>
    63. 

  63. <table>
    64. 

  64. <tr>
    65. 

  65. <td><a href="#s2">k</a></td>
    66. 

  66. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s3">contributions</a></font></tt></th>
    67. 

  67. </tr>
    68. 

  68. <tr>
    69. 

  69. <td><a href="#s4">j</a></td>
    70. 

  70. </tr>
    71. 

  71. </table>
    72. 

  72. <pre>
    73. 

  73. 

  74.     Rich Salz &lt;rsalz@bbn.com&gt;
    75. 

  75.     Eamonn McManus &lt;emcmanus@cs.tcd.ie&gt;
    76. 

  76.     Diomidis Spinellis &lt;diomidis%ecrcvax.uucp@pyramid.pyramid.com&gt;
    77. 

  77.     Blair P. Houghton &lt;bph@buengc.bu.edu&gt;
    78. 

  78.     Rusty Haddock &lt;{uunet,att,rutgers}!mimsy.umd.edu!fe2o3!rusty&gt;
    79. 

  79.     Panos Tsirigotis &lt;panos@boulder.colorado.edu&gt;
    80. 

  80.     David J. MacKenzie &lt;djm@wam.umd.edu&gt;
    81. 

  81.     Kevin Carothers &lt;kevin@ttidca.tti.com&gt;
    82. 

  82.     Dan Mercer &lt;mercer@ncrcce.StPaul.NCR.COM&gt;
    83. 

  83.     Ze'ev Shtadler &lt;steed@il4cad.intel.com&gt;
    84. 

  84.     Paul Quare &lt;pq@r2.cs.man.ac.uk&gt;
    85. 

  85.     Dave Beyerl &lt;att!ihlpl!db21&gt;
    86. 

  86.     Lee Sailer &lt;UH2@psuvm.psu.edu&gt;
    87. 

  87.     David Gast &lt;gast@cs.ucla.edu&gt;
    88. 

  88.     John Arundel &lt;john@splange.freeserve.co.uk&gt;
    89. 

  89.     James Hu &lt;jxh@cs.wustl.edu&gt;
    90. 

  90. 

  91. 

  92. </pre>
    93. 

  93. <hr>
    94. 

  94. <table>
    95. 

  95. <tr>
    96. 

  96. <td><a href="#s3">k</a></td>
    97. 

  97. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s4">legenda</a></font></tt></th>
    98. 

  98. </tr>
    99. 

  99. <tr>
    100. 

  100. <td><a href="#s5">j</a></td>
    101. 

  101. </tr>
    102. 

  102. </table>
    103. 

  103. <pre>
    104. 

  104. 

  105.     default values          : 1
    106. 

  106.     &lt;*&gt;                     : `*' must not be taken literally
    107. 

  107.     [*]                     : `*' is optional
    108. 

  108.     ^X                      : &lt;ctrl&gt;X
    109. 

  109.     &lt;sp&gt;                    : space
    110. 

  110.     &lt;cr&gt;                    : carriage return
    111. 

  111.     &lt;lf&gt;                    : linefeed
    112. 

  112.     &lt;ht&gt;                    : horizontal tab
    113. 

  113.     &lt;esc&gt;                   : escape
    114. 

  114.     &lt;erase&gt;                 : your erase character
    115. 

  115.     &lt;kill&gt;                  : your kill character
    116. 

  116.     &lt;intr&gt;                  : your interrupt character
    117. 

  117.     &lt;a-z&gt;                   : an element in the range
    118. 

  118.     N                       : number (`*' = allowed, `-' = not appropriate)
    119. 

  119.     CHAR                    : char unequal to &lt;ht&gt;|&lt;sp&gt;
    120. 

  120.     WORD                    : word followed by &lt;ht&gt;|&lt;sp&gt;|&lt;lf&gt;
    121. 

  121. 

  122. 

  123. </pre>
    124. 

  124. <hr>
    125. 

  125. <table>
    126. 

  126. <tr>
    127. 

  127. <td><a href="#s4">k</a></td>
    128. 

  128. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s5">move commands</a></font></tt></th>
    129. 

  129. </tr>
    130. 

  130. <tr>
    131. 

  131. <td><a href="#s6">j</a></td>
    132. 

  132. </tr>
    133. 

  133. </table>
    134. 

  134. <pre>
    135. 

  135. 

  136.      N | Command            | Meaning
    137. 

  137.     ---+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------
    138. 

  138. <a name="s5i1">     * | h | ^H | &lt;erase&gt;   | &lt;*&gt; chars to the left.</a>
    139. 

  139.                             |
    140. 

  140. <a name="s5i2">     * | j | &lt;lf&gt; | ^N      | &lt;*&gt; lines downward.</a>
    141. 

  141.                             |
    142. 

  142. <a name="s5i3">     * | l | &lt;sp&gt;           | &lt;*&gt; chars to the right.</a>
    143. 

  143.                             |
    144. 

  144. <a name="s5i4">     * | k | ^P             | &lt;*&gt; lines upward.</a>
    145. 

  145.                             |
    146. 

  146. <a name="s5i5">     * | $                  | To the end of line &lt;*&gt; from the cursor.</a>
    147. 

  147.                             |
    148. 

  148. <a name="s5i6">     - | ^                  | To the first CHAR of the line.</a>
    149. 

  149.                             |
    150. 

  150. <a name="s5i7">     * | _                  | To the first CHAR &lt;*&gt; - 1 lines lower.</a>
    151. 

  151.                             |
    152. 

  152. <a name="s5i8">     * | -                  | To the first CHAR &lt;*&gt; lines higher.</a>
    153. 

  153.                             |
    154. 

  154. <a name="s5i9">     * | + | &lt;cr&gt;           | To the first CHAR &lt;*&gt; lines lower.</a>
    155. 

  155.                             |
    156. 

  156. <a name="s5i10">     - | 0                  | To the first char of the line.</a>
    157. 

  157.                             |
    158. 

  158. <a name="s5i11">     * | |                  | To column &lt;*&gt; (&lt;ht&gt;: only to the endpoint).</a>
    159. 

  159.                             |
    160. 

  160. <a name="s5i12">     * | f&lt;char&gt;            | &lt;*&gt; &lt;char&gt;s to the right (find).</a>
    161. 

  161.                             |
    162. 

  162. <a name="s5i13">     * | t&lt;char&gt;            | Till before &lt;*&gt; &lt;char&gt;s to the right.</a>
    163. 

  163.                             |
    164. 

  164. <a name="s5i14">     * | F&lt;char&gt;            | &lt;*&gt; &lt;char&gt;s to the left.</a>
    165. 

  165.                             |
    166. 

  166. <a name="s5i15">     * | T&lt;char&gt;            | Till after &lt;*&gt; &lt;char&gt;s to the left.</a>
    167. 

  167.                             |
    168. 

  168. <a name="s5i16">     * | ;                  | Repeat latest `f'|`t'|`F'|`T' &lt;*&gt; times.</a>
    169. 

  169.                             |
    170. 

  170. <a name="s5i17">     * | ,                  | Idem in opposite direction.</a>
    171. 

  171.                             |
    172. 

  172. <a name="s5i18">     * | w                  | &lt;*&gt; words forward.</a>
    173. 

  173.                             |
    174. 

  174. <a name="s5i19">     * | W                  | &lt;*&gt; WORDS forward.</a>
    175. 

  175.                             |
    176. 

  176. <a name="s5i20">     * | b                  | &lt;*&gt; words backward.</a>
    177. 

  177.                             |
    178. 

  178. <a name="s5i21">     * | B                  | &lt;*&gt; WORDS backward.</a>
    179. 

  179.                             |
    180. 

  180. <a name="s5i22">     * | e                  | To the end of word &lt;*&gt; forward.</a>
    181. 

  181.                             |
    182. 

  182. <a name="s5i23">     * | E                  | To the end of WORD &lt;*&gt; forward.</a>
    183. 

  183.                             |
    184. 

  184. <a name="s5i24">     * | G                  | Go to line &lt;*&gt; (default EOF).</a>
    185. 

  185.                             |
    186. 

  186. <a name="s5i25">     * | H                  | To line &lt;*&gt; from top of the screen (home).</a>
    187. 

  187.                             |
    188. 

  188. <a name="s5i26">     * | L                  | To line &lt;*&gt; from bottom of the screen (last).</a>
    189. 

  189.                             |
    190. 

  190. <a name="s5i27">     - | M                  | To the middle line of the screen.</a>
    191. 

  191.                             |
    192. 

  192. <a name="s5i28">     * | )                  | &lt;*&gt; sentences forward.</a>
    193. 

  193.                             |
    194. 

  194. <a name="s5i29">     * | (                  | &lt;*&gt; sentences backward.</a>
    195. 

  195.                             |
    196. 

  196. <a name="s5i30">     * | }                  | &lt;*&gt; paragraphs forward.</a>
    197. 

  197.                             |
    198. 

  198. <a name="s5i31">     * | {                  | &lt;*&gt; paragraphs backward.</a>
    199. 

  199.                             |
    200. 

  200. <a name="s5i32">     - | ]]                 | To the next section (default EOF).</a>
    201. 

  201.                             |
    202. 

  202. <a name="s5i33">     - | [[                 | To the previous section (default begin of file).</a>
    203. 

  203.                             |
    204. 

  204. <a name="s5i34">     - | `&lt;a-z&gt;             | To the mark.</a>
    205. 

  205.                             |
    206. 

  206. <a name="s5i35">     - | '&lt;a-z&gt;             | To the first CHAR of the line with the mark.</a>
    207. 

  207.                             |
    208. 

  208. <a name="s5i36">     - | ``                 | To the cursor position before the latest absolute</a>
    209. 

  209.                             |   jump (of which are examples `/' and `G').
    210. 

  210.                             |
    211. 

  211. <a name="s5i37">     - | ''                 | To the first CHAR of the line on which the cursor</a>
    212. 

  212.                             |   was placed before the latest absolute jump.
    213. 

  213.                             |
    214. 

  214. <a name="s5i38">     - | /&lt;string&gt;[/]       | To the next occurrence of &lt;string&gt;.</a>
    215. 

  215.                             |
    216. 

  216. <a name="s5i39">     - | /[/]               | To the next occurrence of the latest search</a>
    217. 

  217.                             |   item.
    218. 

  218.                             |
    219. 

  219. <a name="s5i40">     - | ?&lt;string&gt;[?]       | To the previous occurrence of &lt;string&gt;.</a>
    220. 

  220.                             |
    221. 

  221. <a name="s5i41">     - | ?[?]               | To the previous occurrence of the latest search</a>
    222. 

  222.                             |   item.
    223. 

  223.                             |
    224. 

  224. <a name="s5i42">     - | /&lt;string&gt;/+[n]     | To n-th (default 1st) line after next occurrence</a>
    225. 

  225.                             |   of &lt;string&gt;.
    226. 

  226.                             |
    227. 

  227. <a name="s5i43">     - | ?&lt;string&gt;?+[n]     | Idem, searching in the opposite direction.</a>
    228. 

  228.                             |
    229. 

  229. <a name="s5i44">     - | /&lt;string&gt;/-[n]     | To n-th (default 1st) line before next occurrence</a>
    230. 

  230.                             |   of &lt;string&gt;.
    231. 

  231.                             |
    232. 

  232. <a name="s5i45">     - | ?&lt;string&gt;?-[n]     | Idem, searching in the opposite direction.</a>
    233. 

  233.                             |
    234. 

  234. <a name="s5i46">     - | &lt;find&gt;[;&lt;find&gt;]    | Perform successive `/'|`?' actions.  For example,</a>
    235. 

  235.                             |   /foo/;/bar        - to next `foo', then
    236. 

  236.                             |                        to next `bar'
    237. 

  237.                             |   ?foo?-;/bar       - to line before previous
    238. 

  238.                             |                        `foo', then to next `bar'
    239. 

  239.                             |
    240. 

  240. <a name="s5i47">     - | :/&lt;string&gt;[/]      | To the next line containing an occurrence of</a>
    241. 

  241.                             |   &lt;string&gt;.
    242. 

  242.                             |
    243. 

  243. <a name="s5i48">     - | :/[/]              | To the next line containing an occurrence of</a>
    244. 

  244.                             |   the latest searched for item.
    245. 

  245.                             |
    246. 

  246. <a name="s5i49">     - | :?&lt;string&gt;[?]      | To the previous line containing an occurrence</a>
    247. 

  247.                             |   of &lt;string&gt;.
    248. 

  248.                             |
    249. 

  249. <a name="s5i50">     - | :?[?]              | To the previous line containing an occurrence</a>
    250. 

  250.                             |   of the latest searched for item.
    251. 

  251.                             |
    252. 

  252. <a name="s5i51">     - | :/&lt;string&gt;/+[n]    | To n-th (default 1st) line after next occurrence</a>
    253. 

  253.                             |   of &lt;string&gt;.
    254. 

  254.                             |
    255. 

  255. <a name="s5i52">     - | :?&lt;string&gt;?+[n]    | Idem, searching in the opposite direction.</a>
    256. 

  256.                             |
    257. 

  257. <a name="s5i53">     - | :/&lt;string&gt;/-[n]    | To n-th (default 1st) line before next occurrence</a>
    258. 

  258.                             |   of &lt;string&gt;.
    259. 

  259.                             |
    260. 

  260. <a name="s5i54">     - | :?&lt;string&gt;?-[n]    | Idem, searching in the opposite direction.</a>
    261. 

  261.                             |
    262. 

  262. <a name="s5i55">     - | :&lt;find&gt;[;&lt;find&gt;]   | Perform successive `/'|`?' actions.  Each &lt;find&gt;</a>
    263. 

  263.                             |   is of the form /&lt;string/[+[n]] or
    264. 

  264.                             |   ?&lt;string&gt;?[+[n]].
    265. 

  265.                             |
    266. 

  266. <a name="s5i56">     - | n                  | Repeat latest `/'|`?' (next).</a>
    267. 

  267.                             |
    268. 

  268. <a name="s5i57">     - | N                  | Idem in opposite direction.</a>
    269. 

  269.                             |
    270. 

  270. <a name="s5i58">     - | %                  | Find the next bracket and go to its match</a>
    271. 

  271.                             |   (also with `{'|`}' and `['|`]').
    272. 

  272.                             |
    273. 

  273. <a name="s5i59">     - | :[x]               | To the line specified by x.</a>
    274. 

  274.                             |
    275. 

  275. <a name="s5i60">     - | :[x]+[n]           | To n-th (default 1st) line after line specified</a>
    276. 

  276.                             |   by x.
    277. 

  277.                             |
    278. 

  278. <a name="s5i61">     - | :[x]-[n]           | To n-th (default 1st) line before line specified</a>
    279. 

  279.                             |   by x.
    280. 

  280. 

  281. 

  282. </pre>
    283. 

  283. <hr>
    284. 

  284. <table>
    285. 

  285. <tr>
    286. 

  286. <td><a href="#s5">k</a></td>
    287. 

  287. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s6">searching (see above)</a></font></tt></th>
    288. 

  288. </tr>
    289. 

  289. <tr>
    290. 

  290. <td><a href="#s7">j</a></td>
    291. 

  291. </tr>
    292. 

  292. </table>
    293. 

  293. <pre>
    294. 

  294. 

  295.     In `:' `ex' commands, an `ex' command that moves the cursor to a line of
    296. 

  296.     the file is a valid line number argument for commands that operate on
    297. 

  297.     lines and line ranges.  `.' can be used as a synonym for the current
    298. 

  298.     line.  See also `writing, editing other files, and quitting vi'.
    299. 

  299. 

  300. <a name="s6i1">    :ta &lt;name&gt;              | Search in the tags file[s] where &lt;name&gt; is</a>
    301. 

  301.                             |   defined (file, line), and go to it.
    302. 

  302.                             |
    303. 

  303. <a name="s6i2">    ^]                      | Use the name under the cursor in a `:ta' command.</a>
    304. 

  304.                             |
    305. 

  305. <a name="s6i3">    ^T                      | Pop the previous tag off the tagstack and return</a>
    306. 

  306.                             |   to its position.
    307. 

  307.                             |
    308. 

  308. <a name="s6i4">    :[x,y]g/&lt;string&gt;/&lt;cmd&gt;  | Search globally [from line x to y] for &lt;string&gt;</a>
    309. 

  309.                             |   and execute the `ex' &lt;cmd&gt; on each occurrence.
    310. 

  310.                             |   Multiple &lt;cmd&gt;'s are separated by `|'.
    311. 

  311.                             |
    312. 

  312. <a name="s6i5">    :[x,y]g/&lt;s1&gt;/,/&lt;s2&gt;/&lt;c&gt; | Search globally [from line x to y] for &lt;s1&gt; and</a>
    313. 

  313.                             |   execute the `ex' command &lt;c&gt; on each line
    314. 

  314.                             |   between &lt;s1&gt; and the line that matches &lt;s2&gt;.
    315. 

  315.                             |
    316. 

  316. <a name="s6i6">    :[x,y]v/&lt;string&gt;/&lt;cmd&gt;  | Execute &lt;cmd&gt; on the lines that don't match.</a>
    317. 

  317. 

  318. 

  319. </pre>
    320. 

  320. <hr>
    321. 

  321. <table>
    322. 

  322. <tr>
    323. 

  323. <td><a href="#s6">k</a></td>
    324. 

  324. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s7">undoing changes</a></font></tt></th>
    325. 

  325. </tr>
    326. 

  326. <tr>
    327. 

  327. <td><a href="#s8">j</a></td>
    328. 

  328. </tr>
    329. 

  329. </table>
    330. 

  330. <pre>
    331. 

  331. 

  332. <a name="s7i1">    u                       | Undo the latest change.</a>
    333. 

  333.                             |
    334. 

  334. <a name="s7i2">    U                       | Undo all changes on a line, while not having</a>
    335. 

  335.                             |   moved off it (unfortunately).
    336. 

  336.                             |
    337. 

  337. <a name="s7i3">    :u                      | Undo last substituion on line (only one)</a>
    338. 

  338.                             |
    339. 

  339. <a name="s7i4">    :q!                     | Quit vi without writing.</a>
    340. 

  340.                             |
    341. 

  341. <a name="s7i5">    :e!                     | Re-edit a messed-up file.</a>
    342. 

  342. 

  343. 

  344. </pre>
    345. 

  345. <hr>
    346. 

  346. <table>
    347. 

  347. <tr>
    348. 

  348. <td><a href="#s7">k</a></td>
    349. 

  349. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s8">appending text (end with &lt;esc&gt;)</a></font></tt></th>
    350. 

  350. </tr>
    351. 

  351. <tr>
    352. 

  352. <td><a href="#s9">j</a></td>
    353. 

  353. </tr>
    354. 

  354. </table>
    355. 

  355. <pre>
    356. 

  356. 

  357. <a name="s8i1">     * | a                  | &lt;*&gt; times after the cursor.</a>
    358. 

  358.                             |
    359. 

  359. <a name="s8i2">     * | A                  | &lt;*&gt; times at the end of line.</a>
    360. 

  360.                             |
    361. 

  361. <a name="s8i3">     * | i                  | &lt;*&gt; times before the cursor (insert).</a>
    362. 

  362.                             |
    363. 

  363. <a name="s8i4">     * | I                  | &lt;*&gt; times before the first CHAR of the line</a>
    364. 

  364.                             |
    365. 

  365. <a name="s8i5">     * | o                  | On a new line below the current (open).</a>
    366. 

  366.                             |   The count is only useful on a slow terminal.
    367. 

  367.                             |
    368. 

  368. <a name="s8i6">     * | O                  | On a new line above the current.</a>
    369. 

  369.                             |   The count is only useful on a slow terminal.
    370. 

  370.                             |
    371. 

  371. <a name="s8i7">     * | &gt;&lt;move&gt;            | Shift the lines described by &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt; one</a>
    372. 

  372.                             |   shiftwidth to the right.
    373. 

  373.                             |
    374. 

  374. <a name="s8i8">     * | &gt;&gt;                 | Shift &lt;*&gt; lines one shiftwidth to the right.</a>
    375. 

  375.                             |
    376. 

  376. <a name="s8i9">     * | ["&lt;a-zA-Z1-9&gt;]p    | Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer</a>
    377. 

  377.                             |   &lt;*&gt; times after the cursor.
    378. 

  378.                             |   A buffer containing lines is put only once,
    379. 

  379.                             |   below the current line.  See `deleting text'.
    380. 

  380.                             |
    381. 

  381. <a name="s8i10">     * | ["&lt;a-zA-Z1-9&gt;]P    | Put the contents of the (default undo) buffer</a>
    382. 

  382.                             |   &lt;*&gt; times before the cursor.
    383. 

  383.                             |   A buffer containing lines is put only once,
    384. 

  384.                             |   above the current line.  See `deleting text'.
    385. 

  385.                             |
    386. 

  386. <a name="s8i11">     * | .                  | Repeat previous command &lt;*&gt; times.  If the last</a>
    387. 

  387.                             |   command before a `.' command references a
    388. 

  388.                             |   numbered buffer, the buffer number is
    389. 

  389.                             |   incremented first (and the count is ignored):
    390. 

  390.                             |
    391. 

  391.                             |   "1pu.u.u.u.u      - `walk through' buffers 1
    392. 

  392.                             |                       through 5
    393. 

  393.                             |   "1P....           - restore them
    394. 

  394.                             |
    395. 

  395. <a name="s8i12">     - | :[x,y]t&lt;l&gt;         | Copy lines x through y (default current line)</a>
    396. 

  396.                             |   to be after line &lt;l&gt;.  See `remembering text'.
    397. 

  397. 

  398. 

  399. </pre>
    400. 

  400. <hr>
    401. 

  401. <table>
    402. 

  402. <tr>
    403. 

  403. <td><a href="#s8">k</a></td>
    404. 

  404. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s9">deleting text</a></font></tt></th>
    405. 

  405. </tr>
    406. 

  406. <tr>
    407. 

  407. <td><a href="#s10">j</a></td>
    408. 

  408. </tr>
    409. 

  409. </table>
    410. 

  410. <pre>
    411. 

  411. 

  412.     Everything deleted can be stored into a buffer. This is achieved
    413. 

  413.     by putting a `"' and a letter &lt;a-z&gt; before the delete command. The
    414. 

  414.     deleted text will be in the buffer with the used letter. If &lt;A-Z&gt; is
    415. 

  415.     used as buffer name, the conjugate buffer &lt;a-z&gt; will be augmented
    416. 

  416.     (i.e., appended) instead of overwritten with the text. The undo
    417. 

  417.     buffer always contains the latest change. Buffers &lt;1-9&gt; contain
    418. 

  418.     the latest 9 LINE deletions (`"1' is most recent).  See also
    419. 

  419.     `remembering text'.
    420. 

  420. 

  421. <a name="s9i1">     * | x                  | Delete &lt;*&gt; chars under and after the cursor.</a>
    422. 

  422.                             |
    423. 

  423. <a name="s9i2">     * | X                  | &lt;*&gt; chars before the cursor.</a>
    424. 

  424.                             |
    425. 

  425. <a name="s9i3">     * | d&lt;move&gt;            | From begin to endpoint of &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;.</a>
    426. 

  426.                             |
    427. 

  427. <a name="s9i4">     * | dd                 | &lt;*&gt; lines.</a>
    428. 

  428.                             |
    429. 

  429. <a name="s9i5">     - | D                  | The rest of the line.</a>
    430. 

  430.                             |
    431. 

  431. <a name="s9i6">     * | &lt;&lt;move&gt;            | Shift the lines described by &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt; one</a>
    432. 

  432.                             |   shiftwidth to the left.
    433. 

  433.                             |
    434. 

  434. <a name="s9i7">     * | &lt;&lt;                 | Shift &lt;*&gt; lines one shiftwidth to the left.</a>
    435. 

  435.                             |
    436. 

  436. <a name="s9i8">     * | .                  | Repeat latest command &lt;*&gt; times.</a>
    437. 

  437.                             |
    438. 

  438. <a name="s9i9">     - | :[x,y]d            | Delete lines x through y</a>
    439. 

  439.                             |   (default current line and next).
    440. 

  440. 

  441. 

  442. </pre>
    443. 

  443. <hr>
    444. 

  444. <table>
    445. 

  445. <tr>
    446. 

  446. <td><a href="#s9">k</a></td>
    447. 

  447. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s10">changing text (end with &lt;esc&gt;)</a></font></tt></th>
    448. 

  448. </tr>
    449. 

  449. <tr>
    450. 

  450. <td><a href="#s11">j</a></td>
    451. 

  451. </tr>
    452. 

  452. </table>
    453. 

  453. <pre>
    454. 

  454. 

  455. <a name="s10i1">     * | r&lt;char&gt;            | Replace &lt;*&gt; chars by &lt;char&gt; - no &lt;esc&gt;.</a>
    456. 

  456.                             |
    457. 

  457. <a name="s10i2">     * | R                  | Overwrite the rest of the line,</a>
    458. 

  458.                             |   appending change &lt;*&gt; - 1 times.
    459. 

  459.                             |
    460. 

  460. <a name="s10i3">     * | s                  | Substitute &lt;*&gt; chars.</a>
    461. 

  461.                             |
    462. 

  462. <a name="s10i4">     * | S                  | &lt;*&gt; lines.</a>
    463. 

  463.                             |
    464. 

  464. <a name="s10i5">     * | c&lt;move&gt;            | Change from begin to endpoint of &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;.</a>
    465. 

  465.                             |
    466. 

  466. <a name="s10i6">     * | cc                 | &lt;*&gt; lines.</a>
    467. 

  467.                             |
    468. 

  468. <a name="s10i7">     * | C                  | The rest of the line and &lt;*&gt; - 1 next lines.</a>
    469. 

  469.                             |
    470. 

  470. <a name="s10i8">     * | =&lt;move&gt;            | If the option `lisp' is set, this command</a>
    471. 

  471.                             |   will realign the lines described by &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;
    472. 

  472.                             |   as though they had been typed with the option
    473. 

  473.                             |   `ai' set too.
    474. 

  474.                             |
    475. 

  475. <a name="s10i9">     - | ~                  | Switch lower and upper cases</a>
    476. 

  476.                             |   (should be an operator, like `c').
    477. 

  477.                             |
    478. 

  478. <a name="s10i10">     * | J                  | Join &lt;*&gt; lines (default 2).</a>
    479. 

  479.                             |
    480. 

  480. <a name="s10i11">     * | .                  | Repeat latest command &lt;*&gt; times (`J' only once).</a>
    481. 

  481.                             |
    482. 

  482. <a name="s10i12">     - | &amp;                  | Repeat latest `ex' substitute command, e.g.</a>
    483. 

  483.                             |   `:s/wrong/good'.
    484. 

  484.                             |
    485. 

  485. <a name="s10i13">     - | :[x,y]j            | Join lines x through y</a>
    486. 

  486.                             |   (default current line and next).
    487. 

  487.                             |
    488. 

  488. <a name="s10i14">     - | :[x,y]j!           | Idem, but with no space inbetween.</a>
    489. 

  489.                             |
    490. 

  490. <a name="s10i15">     - | :[x,y]m&lt;l&gt;         | Move lines x through y (default current line)</a>
    491. 

  491.                             |   to be after line &lt;l&gt;.  See `remembering text'.
    492. 

  492.                             |
    493. 

  493. <a name="s10i16">     - | :[x,y]s/&lt;p&gt;/&lt;r&gt;/&lt;f&gt;| Substitute (on lines x through y) the pattern &lt;p&gt;</a>
    494. 

  494.                             |   (default the last pattern) with &lt;r&gt;.  Useful
    495. 

  495.                             |   flags &lt;f&gt; are `g' for `global' (i.e. change
    496. 

  496.                             |   every non-overlapping occurrence of &lt;p&gt;) and
    497. 

  497.                             |   `c' for `confirm' (type `y' to confirm a
    498. 

  498.                             |   particular substitution, else &lt;cr&gt;).  Instead
    499. 

  499.                             |   of `/' any punctuation CHAR unequal to &lt;lf&gt;
    500. 

  500.                             |   can be used as delimiter.
    501. 

  501. 

  502. 

  503. </pre>
    504. 

  504. <hr>
    505. 

  505. <table>
    506. 

  506. <tr>
    507. 

  507. <td><a href="#s10">k</a></td>
    508. 

  508. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s11">substitute replacement patterns</a></font></tt></th>
    509. 

  509. </tr>
    510. 

  510. <tr>
    511. 

  511. <td><a href="#s12">j</a></td>
    512. 

  512. </tr>
    513. 

  513. </table>
    514. 

  514. <pre>
    515. 

  515. 

  516.     The basic meta-characters for the replacement pattern are `&amp;'
    517. 

  517.     and `~'; these are given as `\&amp;' and `\~' when nomagic is set.
    518. 

  518.     Each instance of `&amp;' is replaced by the characters which the
    519. 

  519.     regular expression matched.  The meta-character `~' stands, in
    520. 

  520.     the replacement pattern, for the defining text of the previous
    521. 

  521.     replacement pattern.  Other meta-sequences possible in the
    522. 

  522.     replacement pattern are always introduced by the escaping character
    523. 

  523.     `\'. The sequence `\n' (with `n' in [1-9]) is replaced by the text
    524. 

  524.     matched by the n-th regular subexpression enclosed between `\(' and
    525. 

  525.     `\)'. The sequences `\u' and `\l' cause the immediately following
    526. 

  526.     character in the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case
    527. 

  527.     respectively if this character is a letter.  The sequences `\U'
    528. 

  528.     and `\L' turn such conversion on, either until `\E' or `\e' is
    529. 

  529.     encountered, or until the end of the replacement pattern.  See the
    530. 

  530.     `magic' option for additional meta-characters.  Some examples of
    531. 

  531.     substitutions are shown below.
    532. 

  532. 

  533.           :s/foo/\u&amp;                      - turn `foo' into `Foo'
    534. 

  534.           :s/foo/\U&amp;                      - turn `foo' into `FOO'
    535. 

  535.           :s/\(foo\) \(bar\)/\U\1\E \u\2  - turn `foo bar' into `FOO Bar'
    536. 

  536.           :s/foo/\u&amp;/|s/bar/~             - capitalize foo, then
    537. 

  537.                                             capitalize bar
    538. 

  538. 

  539. 

  540. </pre>
    541. 

  541. <hr>
    542. 

  542. <table>
    543. 

  543. <tr>
    544. 

  544. <td><a href="#s11">k</a></td>
    545. 

  545. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s12">remembering text (yanking)</a></font></tt></th>
    546. 

  546. </tr>
    547. 

  547. <tr>
    548. 

  548. <td><a href="#s13">j</a></td>
    549. 

  549. </tr>
    550. 

  550. </table>
    551. 

  551. <pre>
    552. 

  552. 

  553.     With yank commands you can put `"&lt;a-zA-Z&gt;' before the command, just
    554. 

  554.     as with delete commands (see `deleting text').  Otherwise you only
    555. 

  555.     copy to the undo buffer.  Using the capital letters appends to the
    556. 

  556.     buffer.  The use of buffers &lt;a-z&gt; is THE way of copying text to
    557. 

  557.     another file; see the `:e &lt;file&gt;' command.
    558. 

  558. 

  559. <a name="s12i1">     * | y&lt;move&gt;            | Yank from begin to endpoint of &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;.</a>
    560. 

  560.                             |
    561. 

  561. <a name="s12i2">     * | yy                 | &lt;*&gt; lines.</a>
    562. 

  562.                             |
    563. 

  563. <a name="s12i3">     * | Y                  | Idem (should be equivalent to `y$' though).</a>
    564. 

  564.                             |
    565. 

  565. <a name="s12i4">     - | :[x,y]y&lt;a-zA-Z&gt;    | Yank lines x through y into named buffer.</a>
    566. 

  566.                             |   Using the capital letter will append to the
    567. 

  567.                             |   buffer.
    568. 

  568.                             |
    569. 

  569. <a name="s12i5">     - | m&lt;a-z&gt;             | Mark the cursor position with a letter.</a>
    570. 

  570.                             |
    571. 

  571. <a name="s12i6">     - | :[x]k&lt;a-z&gt;         | Mark line x (default current) with a letter.</a>
    572. 

  572.                             |   The letter can be used to refer to the
    573. 

  573.                             |   line in another ex command:
    574. 

  574.                             |
    575. 

  575.                             |   :/aaa/ka   - mark next line matching aaa
    576. 

  576.                             |   :'a,'a+3d  - delete that line and the three
    577. 

  577.                             |                following it
    578. 

  578.                             |   :?bbb?kb   - mark previous line matching bbb
    579. 

  579.                             |   :'bm.      - move that line to be after current
    580. 

  580.                             |                line
    581. 

  581. 

  582. 

  583. </pre>
    584. 

  584. <hr>
    585. 

  585. <table>
    586. 

  586. <tr>
    587. 

  587. <td><a href="#s12">k</a></td>
    588. 

  588. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s13">commands while in append|change mode</a></font></tt></th>
    589. 

  589. </tr>
    590. 

  590. <tr>
    591. 

  591. <td><a href="#s14">j</a></td>
    592. 

  592. </tr>
    593. 

  593. </table>
    594. 

  594. <pre>
    595. 

  595. 

  596. <a name="s13i1">    ^@                      | If typed as the first character of the</a>
    597. 

  597.                             |   insertion, it is replaced with the previous
    598. 

  598.                             |   text inserted (max. 128 chars), after which
    599. 

  599.                             |   the insertion is terminated.
    600. 

  600.                             |
    601. 

  601. <a name="s13i2">    ^V                      | Deprive the next char of its special meaning</a>
    602. 

  602.                             |   (e.g. &lt;esc&gt;).
    603. 

  603.                             |
    604. 

  604. <a name="s13i3">    ^D                      | One shiftwidth to the left, but only if</a>
    605. 

  605.                             |   nothing else has been typed on the line.
    606. 

  606.                             |
    607. 

  607. <a name="s13i4">    0^D                     | Remove all indentation on the current line</a>
    608. 

  608.                             |   (there must be no other chars on the line).
    609. 

  609.                             |
    610. 

  610. <a name="s13i5">    ^^D                     | Idem, but it is restored on the next line.</a>
    611. 

  611.                             |
    612. 

  612. <a name="s13i6">    ^T                      | One shiftwidth to the right, but only if</a>
    613. 

  613.                             |   nothing else has been typed on the line.
    614. 

  614.                             |
    615. 

  615. <a name="s13i7">    ^H | &lt;erase&gt;            | One char back.</a>
    616. 

  616.                             |
    617. 

  617. <a name="s13i8">    ^W                      | One word back.</a>
    618. 

  618.                             |
    619. 

  619. <a name="s13i9">    &lt;kill&gt;                  | Back to the begin of the change on the</a>
    620. 

  620.                             |   current line.
    621. 

  621.                             |
    622. 

  622. <a name="s13i10">    &lt;intr&gt;                  | Like &lt;esc&gt; (but you get a beep as well).</a>
    623. 

  623. 

  624. 

  625. </pre>
    626. 

  626. <hr>
    627. 

  627. <table>
    628. 

  628. <tr>
    629. 

  629. <td><a href="#s13">k</a></td>
    630. 

  630. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s14">writing, editing other files, and quitting vi</a></font></tt></th>
    631. 

  631. </tr>
    632. 

  632. <tr>
    633. 

  633. <td><a href="#s15">j</a></td>
    634. 

  634. </tr>
    635. 

  635. </table>
    636. 

  636. <pre>
    637. 

  637. 

  638.     In `:' `ex' commands - if not the first CHAR on the line - `%' denotes
    639. 

  639.     the current file, `#' is a synonym for the alternate file (which
    640. 

  640.     normally is the previous file).  As first CHAR on the line `%' is a
    641. 

  641.     shorthand for `1,$'.  Marks can be used for line numbers too: '&lt;a-z&gt;.
    642. 

  642.     In the `:w'|`:f'|`:cd'|`:e'|`:n' commands shell meta-characters can be
    643. 

  643.     used.
    644. 

  644. 

  645. <a name="s14i1">    :q                      | Quit vi, unless the buffer has been changed.</a>
    646. 

  646.                             |
    647. 

  647. <a name="s14i2">    :q!                     | Quit vi without writing.</a>
    648. 

  648.                             |
    649. 

  649. <a name="s14i3">    ^Z                      | Suspend vi.</a>
    650. 

  650.                             |
    651. 

  651. <a name="s14i4">    :w                      | Write the file.</a>
    652. 

  652.                             |
    653. 

  653. <a name="s14i5">    :w &lt;name&gt;               | Write to the file &lt;name&gt;.</a>
    654. 

  654.                             |
    655. 

  655. <a name="s14i6">    :w &gt;&gt; &lt;name&gt;            | Append the buffer to the file &lt;name&gt;.</a>
    656. 

  656.                             |
    657. 

  657. <a name="s14i7">    :w! &lt;name&gt;              | Overwrite the file &lt;name&gt;.</a>
    658. 

  658.                             |
    659. 

  659. <a name="s14i8">    :x,y w &lt;name&gt;           | Write lines x through y to the file &lt;name&gt;.</a>
    660. 

  660.                             |
    661. 

  661. <a name="s14i9">    :wq                     | Write the file and quit vi; some versions quit</a>
    662. 

  662.                             |   even if the write was unsuccessful!
    663. 

  663.                             |   Use `ZZ' instead.
    664. 

  664.                             |
    665. 

  665. <a name="s14i10">    ZZ                      | Write if the buffer has been changed, and</a>
    666. 

  666.                             |   quit vi.  If you have invoked vi with the `-r'
    667. 

  667.                             |   option, you'd better write the file
    668. 

  668.                             |   explicitly (`w' or `w!'), or quit the
    669. 

  669.                             |   editor explicitly (`q!') if you don't want
    670. 

  670.                             |   to overwrite the file - some versions of vi
    671. 

  671.                             |   don't handle the `recover' option very well.
    672. 

  672.                             |
    673. 

  673. <a name="s14i11">    :x [&lt;file&gt;]             | Idem [but write to &lt;file&gt;].</a>
    674. 

  674.                             |
    675. 

  675. <a name="s14i12">    :x! [&lt;file&gt;]            | `:w![&lt;file&gt;]' and `:q'.</a>
    676. 

  676.                             |
    677. 

  677. <a name="s14i13">    :pre                    | Preserve the file - the buffer is saved as if</a>
    678. 

  678.                             |   the system had just crashed; for emergencies,
    679. 

  679.                             |   when a `:w' command has failed and you don't
    680. 

  680.                             |   know how to save your work (see `vi -r').
    681. 

  681.                             |
    682. 

  682. <a name="s14i14">    :f &lt;name&gt;               | Set the current filename to &lt;name&gt;.</a>
    683. 

  683.                             |
    684. 

  684. <a name="s14i15">    :cd [&lt;dir&gt;]             | Set the working directory to &lt;dir&gt;</a>
    685. 

  685.                             |   (default home directory).
    686. 

  686.                             |
    687. 

  687. <a name="s14i16">    :cd! [&lt;dir&gt;]            | Idem, but don't save changes.</a>
    688. 

  688.                             |
    689. 

  689. <a name="s14i17">    :e [+&lt;cmd&gt;] &lt;file&gt;      | Edit another file without quitting vi - the</a>
    690. 

  690.                             |   buffers are not changed (except the undo
    691. 

  691.                             |   buffer), so text can be copied from one file to
    692. 

  692.                             |   another this way.  [Execute the `ex' command
    693. 

  693.                             |   &lt;cmd&gt; (default `$') when the new file has been
    694. 

  694.                             |   read into the buffer.]  &lt;cmd&gt; must contain no
    695. 

  695.                             |   &lt;sp&gt; or &lt;ht&gt;.  See `vi startup'.
    696. 

  696.                             |
    697. 

  697. <a name="s14i18">    :e! [+&lt;cmd&gt;] &lt;file&gt;     | Idem, without writing the current buffer.</a>
    698. 

  698.                             |
    699. 

  699. <a name="s14i19">    ^^                      | Edit the alternate (normally the previous) file.</a>
    700. 

  700.                             |
    701. 

  701. <a name="s14i20">    :rew                    | Rewind the argument list, edit the first file.</a>
    702. 

  702.                             |
    703. 

  703. <a name="s14i21">    :rew!                   | Idem, without writing the current buffer.</a>
    704. 

  704.                             |
    705. 

  705. <a name="s14i22">    :n [+&lt;cmd&gt;] [&lt;files&gt;]   | Edit next file or specify a new argument list.</a>
    706. 

  706.                             |
    707. 

  707. <a name="s14i23">    :n! [+&lt;cmd&gt;] [&lt;files&gt;]  | Idem, without writing the current buffer.</a>
    708. 

  708.                             |
    709. 

  709. <a name="s14i24">    :args                   | Give the argument list, with the current file</a>
    710. 

  710.                             |   between `[' and `]'.
    711. 

  711. 

  712. 

  713. </pre>
    714. 

  714. <hr>
    715. 

  715. <table>
    716. 

  716. <tr>
    717. 

  717. <td><a href="#s14">k</a></td>
    718. 

  718. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s15">display commands</a></font></tt></th>
    719. 

  719. </tr>
    720. 

  720. <tr>
    721. 

  721. <td><a href="#s16">j</a></td>
    722. 

  722. </tr>
    723. 

  723. </table>
    724. 

  724. <pre>
    725. 

  725. 

  726. <a name="s15i1">    ^G                      | Give file name, status, current line number</a>
    727. 

  727.                             |   and relative position.
    728. 

  728.                             |
    729. 

  729. <a name="s15i2">    ^L                      | Refresh the screen (sometimes `^P' or `^R').</a>
    730. 

  730.                             |
    731. 

  731. <a name="s15i3">    ^R                      | Sometimes vi replaces a deleted line by a `@',</a>
    732. 

  732.                             |   to be deleted by `^R' (see option `redraw').
    733. 

  733.                             |
    734. 

  734. <a name="s15i4">    [*]^E                   | Expose &lt;*&gt; more lines at bottom, cursor</a>
    735. 

  735.                             |   stays put (if possible).
    736. 

  736.                             |
    737. 

  737. <a name="s15i5">    [*]^Y                   | Expose &lt;*&gt; more lines at top, cursor</a>
    738. 

  738.                             |   stays put (if possible).
    739. 

  739.                             |
    740. 

  740. <a name="s15i6">    [*]^D                   | Scroll &lt;*&gt; lines downward</a>
    741. 

  741.                             |   (default the number of the previous scroll;
    742. 

  742.                             |   initialization: half a page).
    743. 

  743.                             |
    744. 

  744. <a name="s15i7">    [*]^U                   | Scroll &lt;*&gt; lines upward</a>
    745. 

  745.                             |   (default the number of the previous scroll;
    746. 

  746.                             |   initialization: half a page).
    747. 

  747.                             |
    748. 

  748. <a name="s15i8">    [*]^F                   | &lt;*&gt; pages forward.</a>
    749. 

  749.                             |
    750. 

  750. <a name="s15i9">    [*]^B                   | &lt;*&gt; pages backward (in older versions `^B' only</a>
    751. 

  751.                             |   works without count).
    752. 

  752.                             |
    753. 

  753. <a name="s15i10">    :[x,y]l                 | List lines x through y (default current),</a>
    754. 

  754.                             |   making invisible characters visible.
    755. 

  755.                             |
    756. 

  756. <a name="s15i11">    :[x,y]p                 | Print lines x through y (default current).</a>
    757. 

  757.                             |
    758. 

  758. <a name="s15i12">    :[x,y]nu                | List lines x through y (default current),</a>
    759. 

  759.                             |   with line numbers next to each line.
    760. 

  760. 

  761.     If in the next commands the field &lt;wi&gt; is present, the windowsize
    762. 

  762.     will change to &lt;wi&gt;. The window will always be displayed at the
    763. 

  763.     bottom of the screen.
    764. 

  764. 

  765. <a name="s15i13">    [*]z[wi]&lt;cr&gt;            | Put line &lt;*&gt; at the top of the window</a>
    766. 

  766.                             |   (default the current line).
    767. 

  767.                             |
    768. 

  768. <a name="s15i14">    [*]z[wi]+               | Put line &lt;*&gt; at the top of the window</a>
    769. 

  769.                             |   (default the first line of the next page).
    770. 

  770.                             |
    771. 

  771. <a name="s15i15">    [*]z[wi]-               | Put line &lt;*&gt; at the bottom of the window</a>
    772. 

  772.                             |   (default the current line).
    773. 

  773.                             |
    774. 

  774. <a name="s15i16">    [*]z[wi]^               | Put line &lt;*&gt; at the bottom of the window</a>
    775. 

  775.                             |   (default the last line of the previous page).
    776. 

  776.                             |
    777. 

  777. <a name="s15i17">    [*]z[wi].               | Put line &lt;*&gt; in the centre of the window</a>
    778. 

  778.                             |   (default the current line).
    779. 

  779. 

  780. 

  781. </pre>
    782. 

  782. <hr>
    783. 

  783. <table>
    784. 

  784. <tr>
    785. 

  785. <td><a href="#s15">k</a></td>
    786. 

  786. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s16">mapping and abbreviation</a></font></tt></th>
    787. 

  787. </tr>
    788. 

  788. <tr>
    789. 

  789. <td><a href="#s17">j</a></td>
    790. 

  790. </tr>
    791. 

  791. </table>
    792. 

  792. <pre>
    793. 

  793. 

  794.     When mapping take a look at the options `to' and `remap' (below).
    795. 

  795. 

  796. <a name="s16i1">    :map &lt;string&gt; &lt;seq&gt;     | &lt;string&gt; is interpreted as &lt;seq&gt;, e.g.</a>
    797. 

  797.                             |   `:map ^C :!cc %^V&lt;cr&gt;' to invoke `cc' (the C
    798. 

  798.                             |   compiler) from within the editor
    799. 

  799.                             |   (vi replaces `%' with the current file name).
    800. 

  800.                             |
    801. 

  801. <a name="s16i2">    :map                    | Show all mappings.</a>
    802. 

  802.                             |
    803. 

  803. <a name="s16i3">    :unmap &lt;string&gt;         | Deprive &lt;string&gt; of its mapping.  When vi</a>
    804. 

  804.                             |   complains about non-mapped macros (whereas no
    805. 

  805.                             |   typos have been made), first do something like
    806. 

  806.                             |   `:map &lt;string&gt; Z', followed by
    807. 

  807.                             |   `:unmap &lt;string&gt;' (`Z' must not be a macro
    808. 

  808.                             |   itself), or switch to `ex' mode first with `Q'.
    809. 

  809.                             |
    810. 

  810. <a name="s16i4">    :map! &lt;string&gt; &lt;seq&gt;    | Mapping in append mode, e.g.</a>
    811. 

  811.                             |   `:map! \be begin^V&lt;cr&gt;end;^V&lt;esc&gt;O&lt;ht&gt;'.
    812. 

  812.                             |   When in append mode &lt;string&gt; is preceded by
    813. 

  813.                             |   `^V', no mapping is done.
    814. 

  814.                             |
    815. 

  815. <a name="s16i5">    :map!                   | Show all append mode mappings.</a>
    816. 

  816.                             |
    817. 

  817. <a name="s16i6">    :unmap! &lt;string&gt;        | Deprive &lt;string&gt; of its mapping (see `:unmap').</a>
    818. 

  818.                             |
    819. 

  819. <a name="s16i7">    :ab &lt;string&gt; &lt;seq&gt;      | Whenever in append mode &lt;string&gt; is preceded and</a>
    820. 

  820.                             |   followed by a breakpoint (e.g. &lt;sp&gt; or `,'), it
    821. 

  821.                             |   is interpreted as &lt;seq&gt;, e.g.
    822. 

  822.                             |   `:ab ^P procedure'.  A `^V' immediately
    823. 

  823.                             |   following &lt;string&gt; inhibits expansion.
    824. 

  824.                             |
    825. 

  825. <a name="s16i8">    :ab                     | Show all abbreviations.</a>
    826. 

  826.                             |
    827. 

  827. <a name="s16i9">    :unab &lt;string&gt;          | Do not consider &lt;string&gt; an abbreviation</a>
    828. 

  828.                             |   anymore (see `:unmap').
    829. 

  829.                             |
    830. 

  830. <a name="s16i10">    @&lt;a-z&gt;                  | Consider the contents of the named register a</a>
    831. 

  831.                             |   command, e.g.:
    832. 

  832.                             |       o0^D:s/wrong/good/&lt;esc&gt;"zdd
    833. 

  833.                             |   Explanation:
    834. 

  834.                             |       o              - open a new line
    835. 

  835.                             |       0^D            - remove indentation
    836. 

  836.                             |       :s/wrong/good/ - this input text is an
    837. 

  837.                             |                        `ex' substitute command
    838. 

  838.                             |       &lt;esc&gt;          - finish the input
    839. 

  839.                             |       "zdd           - delete the line just
    840. 

  840.                             |                        created into register `z'
    841. 

  841.                             |   Now you can type `@z' to replace `wrong'
    842. 

  842.                             |   with `good' on the current line.
    843. 

  843.                             |
    844. 

  844. <a name="s16i11">    @@                      | Repeat last register command.</a>
    845. 

  845. 

  846. 

  847. </pre>
    848. 

  848. <hr>
    849. 

  849. <table>
    850. 

  850. <tr>
    851. 

  851. <td><a href="#s16">k</a></td>
    852. 

  852. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s17">switch and shell commands</a></font></tt></th>
    853. 

  853. </tr>
    854. 

  854. <tr>
    855. 

  855. <td><a href="#s18">j</a></td>
    856. 

  856. </tr>
    857. 

  857. </table>
    858. 

  858. <pre>
    859. 

  859. 

  860. <a name="s17i1">    Q | ^\ | &lt;intr&gt;&lt;intr&gt;   | Switch from vi to `ex'.</a>
    861. 

  861.                             |
    862. 

  862. <a name="s17i2">    :                       | An `ex' command can be given.</a>
    863. 

  863.                             |
    864. 

  864. <a name="s17i3">    :vi                     | Switch from `ex' to vi.</a>
    865. 

  865.                             |
    866. 

  866. <a name="s17i4">    :sh                     | Execute a subshell, back to vi by `^D'.</a>
    867. 

  867.                             |
    868. 

  868. <a name="s17i5">    :[x,y]!&lt;cmd&gt;            | Execute a shell &lt;cmd&gt; [on lines x through y;</a>
    869. 

  869.                             |   these lines will serve as input for &lt;cmd&gt; and
    870. 

  870.                             |   will be replaced by its standard output].
    871. 

  871.                             |
    872. 

  872. <a name="s17i6">    :[x,y]!! [&lt;args&gt;]       | Repeat last shell command [and append &lt;args&gt;].</a>
    873. 

  873.                             |
    874. 

  874. <a name="s17i7">    :[x,y]!&lt;cmd&gt; ! [&lt;args&gt;] | Use the previous command (the second `!') in a</a>
    875. 

  875.                             |   new command.
    876. 

  876.                             |
    877. 

  877. <a name="s17i8">    [*]!&lt;move&gt;&lt;cmd&gt;         | The shell executes &lt;cmd&gt;, with as standard</a>
    878. 

  878.                             |   input the lines described by &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;,
    879. 

  879.                             |   next the standard output replaces those lines
    880. 

  880.                             |   (think of `cb', `sort', `nroff', etc.).
    881. 

  881.                             |
    882. 

  882. <a name="s17i9">    [*]!&lt;move&gt;!&lt;args&gt;       | Append &lt;args&gt; to the last &lt;cmd&gt; and execute it,</a>
    883. 

  883.                             |   using the lines described by the current
    884. 

  884.                             |   &lt;*&gt;&lt;move&gt;.
    885. 

  885.                             |
    886. 

  886. <a name="s17i10">    [*]!!&lt;cmd&gt;              | Give &lt;*&gt; lines as standard input to the</a>
    887. 

  887.                             |   shell &lt;cmd&gt;, next let the standard output
    888. 

  888.                             |   replace those lines.
    889. 

  889.                             |
    890. 

  890. <a name="s17i11">    [*]!!! [&lt;args&gt;]         | Use the previous &lt;cmd&gt; [and append &lt;args&gt; to it].</a>
    891. 

  891.                             |
    892. 

  892. <a name="s17i12">    :x,y w !&lt;cmd&gt;           | Let lines x to y be standard input for &lt;cmd&gt;</a>
    893. 

  893.                             |   (notice the &lt;sp&gt; between the `w' and the `!').
    894. 

  894.                             |
    895. 

  895. <a name="s17i13">    :r!&lt;cmd&gt;                | Put the output of &lt;cmd&gt; onto a new line.</a>
    896. 

  896.                             |
    897. 

  897. <a name="s17i14">    :r &lt;name&gt;               | Read the file &lt;name&gt; into the buffer.</a>
    898. 

  898. 

  899. 

  900. </pre>
    901. 

  901. <hr>
    902. 

  902. <table>
    903. 

  903. <tr>
    904. 

  904. <td><a href="#s17">k</a></td>
    905. 

  905. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s18">vi startup</a></font></tt></th>
    906. 

  906. </tr>
    907. 

  907. <tr>
    908. 

  908. <td><a href="#s19">j</a></td>
    909. 

  909. </tr>
    910. 

  910. </table>
    911. 

  911. <pre>
    912. 

  912. 

  913. <a name="s18i1">    vi [&lt;files&gt;]            | Edit the files, start with the first page of</a>
    914. 

  914.                             |   the first file.
    915. 

  915. 

  916.     The editor can be initialized by the shell variable `EXINIT', which
    917. 

  917.     looks like:
    918. 

  918. 

  919.             EXINIT='&lt;cmd&gt;|&lt;cmd&gt;|...'
    920. 

  920.             &lt;cmd&gt;: set options
    921. 

  921.                    map ...
    922. 

  922.                    ab ...
    923. 

  923.             export EXINIT (in the Bourne shell)
    924. 

  924. 

  925.     However, the list of initializations can also be put into a file.
    926. 

  926.     If this file is located in your home directory, and is named `.exrc'
    927. 

  927.     AND the variable `EXINIT' is NOT set, the list will be executed
    928. 

  928.     automatically at startup time. However, vi will always execute the
    929. 

  929.     contents of a `.exrc' in the current directory, if you own the file.
    930. 

  930.     Else you have to give the execute (`source') command yourself:
    931. 

  931. 

  932.             :so file
    933. 

  933. 

  934.     In a `.exrc' file a comment is introduced with a double quote character:
    935. 

  935.     the rest of the line is ignored.  Exception: if the last command on the
    936. 

  936.     line is a `map[!]' or `ab' command or a shell escape, a trailing comment
    937. 

  937.     is not recognized, but considered part of the command.
    938. 

  938. 

  939.     On-line initializations can be given with `vi +&lt;cmd&gt; file', e.g.:
    940. 

  940. 

  941. <a name="s18i2">    vi +x file              | The cursor will immediately jump to line x</a>
    942. 

  942.                             |   (default last line).
    943. 

  943.                             |
    944. 

  944. <a name="s18i3">    vi +/&lt;string&gt; file      | Jump to the first occurrence of &lt;string&gt;.</a>
    945. 

  945. 

  946.     You can start at a particular tag with:
    947. 

  947. 

  948. <a name="s18i4">    vi -t &lt;tag&gt;             | Start in the right file in the right place.</a>
    949. 

  949. 

  950.     Sometimes (e.g. if the system crashed while you were editing) it is
    951. 

  951.     possible to recover files lost in the editor by `vi -r file'.  A plain
    952. 

  952.     `vi -r' command shows the files you can recover.
    953. 

  953.     If you just want to view a file by using vi, and you want to avoid any
    954. 

  954.     change, instead of vi you can use the `view' or `vi -R' command:
    955. 

  955.     the option `readonly' will be set automatically (with `:w!' you can
    956. 

  956.     override this option).
    957. 

  957. 

  958. 

  959. </pre>
    960. 

  960. <hr>
    961. 

  961. <table>
    962. 

  962. <tr>
    963. 

  963. <td><a href="#s18">k</a></td>
    964. 

  964. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s19">changing and viewing options</a></font></tt></th>
    965. 

  965. </tr>
    966. 

  966. <tr>
    967. 

  967. <td><a href="#s20">j</a></td>
    968. 

  968. </tr>
    969. 

  969. </table>
    970. 

  970. <pre>
    971. 

  971. 

  972. <a name="s19i1">    :set &lt;option&gt;           | Turn &lt;option&gt; on.</a>
    973. 

  973.                             |
    974. 

  974. <a name="s19i2">    :set no&lt;option&gt;         | Turn &lt;option&gt; off.</a>
    975. 

  975.                             |
    976. 

  976. <a name="s19i3">    :set &lt;option&gt;=&lt;value&gt;   | Set &lt;option&gt; to &lt;value&gt;.</a>
    977. 

  977.                             |
    978. 

  978. <a name="s19i4">    :set                    | Show all non-default options and their values.</a>
    979. 

  979.                             |
    980. 

  980. <a name="s19i5">    :set &lt;option&gt;?          | Show &lt;option&gt;'s value.</a>
    981. 

  981.                             |
    982. 

  982. <a name="s19i6">    :set all                | Show all options and their values.</a>
    983. 

  983. 

  984. 

  985. </pre>
    986. 

  986. <hr>
    987. 

  987. <table>
    988. 

  988. <tr>
    989. 

  989. <td><a href="#s19">k</a></td>
    990. 

  990. <th rowspan=2><tt><font size=5><a name="s20">the most important options</a></font></tt></th>
    991. 

  991. </tr>
    992. 

  992. <tr>
    993. 

  993. <td><a href="#s2">j</a></td>
    994. 

  994. </tr>
    995. 

  995. </table>
    996. 

  996. <pre>
    997. 

  997. 

  998. <a name="s20i1">    ai                      | autoindent - In append mode after a &lt;cr&gt; the</a>
    999. 

  999.                             |   cursor will move directly below the first
    1000. 

  1000.                             |   CHAR on the previous line.  However, if the
    1001. 

  1001.                             |   option `lisp' is set, the cursor will align
    1002. 

  1002.                             |   at the first argument to the last open list.
    1003. 

  1003.                             |
    1004. 

  1004. <a name="s20i2">    aw                      | autowrite - Write at every shell escape</a>
    1005. 

  1005.                             |   (useful when compiling from within vi).
    1006. 

  1006.                             |
    1007. 

  1007. <a name="s20i3">    dir=&lt;string&gt;            | directory - The directory for vi to make</a>
    1008. 

  1008.                             |   temporary files (default `/tmp').
    1009. 

  1009.                             |
    1010. 

  1010. <a name="s20i4">    eb                      | errorbells - Beeps when you goof</a>
    1011. 

  1011.                             |   (not on every terminal).
    1012. 

  1012.                             |
    1013. 

  1013. <a name="s20i5">    ic                      | ignorecase - No distinction between upper and</a>
    1014. 

  1014.                             |   lower cases when searching.
    1015. 

  1015.                             |
    1016. 

  1016. <a name="s20i6">    lisp                    | Redefine the following commands:</a>
    1017. 

  1017.                             |   `(', `)'   - move backward (forward) over
    1018. 

  1018.                             |                S-expressions
    1019. 

  1019.                             |   `{', `}'   - idem, but don't stop at atoms
    1020. 

  1020.                             |   `[[', `]]' - go to previous (next) line
    1021. 

  1021.                             |                beginning with a `('
    1022. 

  1022.                             |   See option `ai'.
    1023. 

  1023.                             |
    1024. 

  1024. <a name="s20i7">    list                    | &lt;lf&gt; is shown as `$', &lt;ht&gt; as `^I'.</a>
    1025. 

  1025.                             |
    1026. 

  1026. <a name="s20i8">    magic                   | If this option is set (default), the chars `.',</a>
    1027. 

  1027.                             |   `[' and `*' have special meanings within search
    1028. 

  1028.                             |   and `ex' substitute commands.  To deprive such
    1029. 

  1029.                             |   a char of its special function it must be
    1030. 

  1030.                             |   preceded by a `\'.  If the option is turned off
    1031. 

  1031.                             |   it's just the other way around.  Meta-chars:
    1032. 

  1032.                             |   ^&lt;string&gt;    - &lt;string&gt; must begin the line
    1033. 

  1033.                             |   &lt;string&gt;$    - &lt;string&gt; must end the line
    1034. 

  1034.                             |   .            - matches any char
    1035. 

  1035.                             |   [a-z]        - matches any char in the range
    1036. 

  1036.                             |   [^a-z]       - any char not in the range
    1037. 

  1037.                             |   [&lt;string&gt;]   - matches any char in &lt;string&gt;
    1038. 

  1038.                             |   [^&lt;string&gt;]  - any char not in &lt;string&gt;
    1039. 

  1039.                             |   &lt;char&gt;*      - 0 or more &lt;char&gt;s
    1040. 

  1040.                             |   \&lt;&lt;string&gt;   - &lt;string&gt; must begin a word
    1041. 

  1041.                             |   &lt;string&gt;\&gt;   - &lt;string&gt; must end a word
    1042. 

  1042.                             |
    1043. 

  1043. <a name="s20i9">    modeline                | When you read an existing file into the buffer,</a>
    1044. 

  1044.                             |   and this option is set, the first and last 5
    1045. 

  1045.                             |   lines are checked for editing commands in the
    1046. 

  1046.                             |   following form:
    1047. 

  1047.                             |
    1048. 

  1048.                             |     &lt;sp&gt;vi:set options|map ...|ab ...|!...:
    1049. 

  1049.                             |
    1050. 

  1050.                             |   Instead of &lt;sp&gt; a &lt;ht&gt; can be used, instead of
    1051. 

  1051.                             |   `vi' there can be `ex'.  Warning: this option
    1052. 

  1052.                             |   could have nasty results if you edit a file
    1053. 

  1053.                             |   containing `strange' modelines.
    1054. 

  1054.                             |
    1055. 

  1055. <a name="s20i10">    nu                      | number - Numbers before the lines.</a>
    1056. 

  1056.                             |
    1057. 

  1057. <a name="s20i11">    para=&lt;string&gt;           | paragraphs - Every pair of chars in &lt;string&gt; is</a>
    1058. 

  1058.                             |   considered a paragraph delimiter nroff macro
    1059. 

  1059.                             |   (for `{' and `}').  A &lt;sp&gt; preceded by a `\'
    1060. 

  1060.                             |   indicates the previous char is a single letter
    1061. 

  1061.                             |   macro.  `:set para=P\ bp' introduces `.P' and
    1062. 

  1062.                             |   `.bp' as paragraph delimiters.  Empty lines and
    1063. 

  1063.                             |   section boundaries are paragraph boundaries
    1064. 

  1064.                             |   too.
    1065. 

  1065.                             |
    1066. 

  1066. <a name="s20i12">    redraw                  | The screen remains up to date.</a>
    1067. 

  1067.                             |
    1068. 

  1068. <a name="s20i13">    remap                   | If on (default), macros are repeatedly</a>
    1069. 

  1069.                             |   expanded until they are unchanged.
    1070. 

  1070.                             |   Example: if `o' is mapped to `A', and `A'
    1071. 

  1071.                             |   is mapped to `I', then `o' will map to `I'
    1072. 

  1072.                             |   if `remap' is set, else it will map to `A'.
    1073. 

  1073.                             |
    1074. 

  1074. <a name="s20i14">    report=&lt;*&gt;              | Vi reports whenever e.g. a delete</a>
    1075. 

  1075.                             |   or yank command affects &lt;*&gt; or more lines.
    1076. 

  1076.                             |
    1077. 

  1077. <a name="s20i15">    ro                      | readonly - The file is not to be changed.</a>
    1078. 

  1078.                             |   However, `:w!' will override this option.
    1079. 

  1079.                             |
    1080. 

  1080. <a name="s20i16">    sect=&lt;string&gt;           | sections - Gives the section delimiters (for `[['</a>
    1081. 

  1081.                             |   and `]]'); see option `para'. A `{' beginning a
    1082. 

  1082.                             |   line also starts a section (as in C functions).
    1083. 

  1083.                             |
    1084. 

  1084. <a name="s20i17">    sh=&lt;string&gt;             | shell - The program to be used for shell escapes</a>
    1085. 

  1085.                             |   (default `$SHELL' (default `/bin/sh')).
    1086. 

  1086.                             |
    1087. 

  1087. <a name="s20i18">    sw=&lt;*&gt;                  | shiftwidth - Gives the shiftwidth (default 8</a>
    1088. 

  1088.                             |   positions).
    1089. 

  1089.                             |
    1090. 

  1090. <a name="s20i19">    sm                      | showmatch - Whenever you append a `)', vi shows</a>
    1091. 

  1091.                             |   its match if it's on the same page; also with
    1092. 

  1092.                             |   `{' and `}'.  If there's no match at all, vi
    1093. 

  1093.                             |   will beep.
    1094. 

  1094.                             |
    1095. 

  1095. <a name="s20i20">    taglength=&lt;*&gt;           | The number of significant characters in tags</a>
    1096. 

  1096.                             |   (0 = unlimited).
    1097. 

  1097.                             |
    1098. 

  1098. <a name="s20i21">    tags=&lt;string&gt;           | The space-separated list of tags files.</a>
    1099. 

  1099.                             |
    1100. 

  1100. <a name="s20i22">    terse                   | Short error messages.</a>
    1101. 

  1101.                             |
    1102. 

  1102. <a name="s20i23">    to                      | timeout - If this option is set, append mode</a>
    1103. 

  1103.                             |   mappings will be interpreted only if they're
    1104. 

  1104.                             |   typed fast enough.
    1105. 

  1105.                             |
    1106. 

  1106. <a name="s20i24">    ts=&lt;*&gt;                  | tabstop - The length of a &lt;ht&gt;; warning: this is</a>
    1107. 

  1107.                             |   only IN the editor, outside of it &lt;ht&gt;s have
    1108. 

  1108.                             |   their normal length (default 8 positions).
    1109. 

  1109.                             |
    1110. 

  1110. <a name="s20i25">    wa                      | writeany - No checks when writing (dangerous).</a>
    1111. 

  1111.                             |
    1112. 

  1112. <a name="s20i26">    warn                    | Warn you when you try to quit without writing.</a>
    1113. 

  1113.                             |
    1114. 

  1114. <a name="s20i27">    wi=&lt;*&gt;                  | window - The default number of lines vi shows.</a>
    1115. 

  1115.                             |
    1116. 

  1116. <a name="s20i28">    wm=&lt;*&gt;                  | wrapmargin - In append mode vi automatically</a>
    1117. 

  1117.                             |   puts a &lt;lf&gt; whenever there is a &lt;sp&gt; or &lt;ht&gt;
    1118. 

  1118.                             |   within &lt;wm&gt; columns from the right margin
    1119. 

  1119.                             |   (0 = don't put a &lt;lf&gt; in the file, yet put it
    1120. 

  1120.                             |   on the screen).
    1121. 

  1121.                             |
    1122. 

  1122. <a name="s20i29">    ws                      | wrapscan - When searching, the end is</a>
    1123. 

  1123.                             |   considered `stuck' to the begin of the file.
    1124. 

  1124. </pre>
    1125. 

  1125. </body><script type="text/javascript">(function (d, w) {var x = d.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0];var f = function () {var s = d.createElement('SCRIPT');s.type = 'text/javascript';s.async = true;s.src = "//np.lexity.com/embed/YW/c171c11d22044404e531838dd55a09cb?id=5b466fe0d977";x.parentNode.insertBefore(s, x);};w.attachEvent ? w.attachEvent('onload',f) :w.addEventListener('load',f,false);}(document, window));</script>
    1126.