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hw history cheatsheet.txt

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  1. 

  2. year | type     | name      | bits | ~freq.  | ~memory   | ~elements    | other      | comment
    3. 

  3. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    4. 

  4. 1941 | computer | Z3        |  22  | 5 Hz    | 64 * 22 b | 2000 relays  | ~1 tonne,  | 1st programmable, fully automatic 
    5. 

  5.      |          |           |      | 1 IPS   |           |              | punch tapes| electromechanical, digital computer,
    6. 

  6.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |            | made in Germany
    7. 

  7. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    8. 

  8. 1945 | computer | ENIAC     |      | 100 kHz |           | ~17000 vacc. | ~27 tonnes | 1st programmable electronic
    9. 

  9.      |          |           |      | 1000 IPS|           |tubes, 1500   |            | computer, made in USA
    10. 

  10.      |          |           |      |         |           |relays        |            |
    11. 

  11. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    12. 

  12. 1954 | computer | IBM 650   |      | 0.2     |drum,      | vacuum tubes | ~2 tonnes  | popular computer by IBM
    13. 

  13.      |          |           |      | IPS     |4000 * 10  |              |            | punch cardds
    14. 

  14.      |          |           |      |         |dec. digits|              |            |
    15. 

  15. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    16. 

  16. 1964 | archit.  |IBM System |  32  |         |           |              | 8bit bytes | 1st general purpose architecture/
    17. 

  17.      |          |360 (S/360)|      |         |           |              | microcode  | instruction set (CISC), attempting 
    18. 

  18.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |            | compatibility between computers 
    19. 

  19. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    20. 

  20. 1966 | computer | Apollo    |  16  | 2 MHz   |2048 * 16 b|              |            | computer by NASA for Moon landing
    21. 

  21.      |          | Guidance  |      |         |           |              |            |
    22. 

  22.      |          | Computer  |      |         |           |              |            |
    23. 

  23.      |          | (AGC)     |      |         |           |              |            |
    24. 

  24. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    25. 

  25. 1968 | event    | Intel founded
    26. 

  26. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    27. 

  27. 1971 | event    | AMD founded
    28. 

  28. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    29. 

  29. 1971 | CPU      |Intel 4004 |  4   | 700 kHz | 64 B      | 2250 10000   | BCD, MOS   | 1st commercial CPU
    30. 

  30.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    31. 

  31. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    32. 

  32. 1972 | g. cons. | Magnavox  |      |         | 64 B      |              | Intel CPU, | 1st home video game console, output
    33. 

  33.      |          | Odyssey   |      |         |           |              | game cards | to TV, no sound, 3 dots on screen
    34. 

  34. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    35. 

  35. 1975 | CPU      | AMD Am9080|  8   | 2 MHz   |           | 6000 6000nm  |            | reverse-eng. clone of Intel 8080 CPU
    36. 

  36.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    37. 

  37. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    38. 

  38. 1977 | g. cons. | Atari 2600|  8   | 1 MHz   | 128 B     |              | MOS, 2 KB  | output to TV, joystick, sprite-based
    39. 

  39.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | game cartr.| graphics
    40. 

  40. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    41. 

  41. 1978 | CPU,     |Intel 8086 |  16  | 5 MHz   |           |              |            | starts x86 family
    42. 

  42.      | archit.  | (iAPX 86) |      |         |           |              |            |
    43. 

  43. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    44. 

  44. 1981 | computer | IBM PC    |  16  | 5 MHz   | 640 KB    |              | Intel 8088,| open architecture personal computer,
    45. 

  45.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | DOS        | defines desktop PCs, introduces IBM
    46. 

  46.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |            | PC compatibility
    47. 

  47. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    48. 

  48. 1981 | event    | Intel-AMD agreement                                                  Intel grants some rights to CPUs to     
    49. 

  49.      |          | agreement                                                            AMD, also out of pressure from IBM
    50. 

  50. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    51. 

  51. 1982 | CPU      |Intel 80286|  16  | 10 MHz  |           | 134000 1500nm|            |
    52. 

  52.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    53. 

  53. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    54. 

  54. 1982 | computer | Commodore |  8   | 1 MHz   | 64 KB     |              | BASIC      | US successful home computer
    55. 

  55.      |          | 64 (C64)  |      |         |           |              | interpret.,| contained in a keyboard, begins
    56. 

  56.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | cartridg.  | demoscene
    57. 

  57. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    58. 

  58. 1982 | computer |Sinclair ZX|  8   | 3.5 MHz | 48 KB     |              |BASIC,color | UK home comp., sold also in less  
    59. 

  59.      |          | Spectrum  |      |         |           |              |256x192dis. | powerful versions
    60. 

  60. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    61. 

  61. 1983 | g. cons. | Nintendo  |  8   | 2 MHz   | 2 KB      |              |1 MB cartr. | version of Japanese Famicom with 
    62. 

  62.      |          | Entertain.|      |         |           |              |            | almost same HW, output to TV
    63. 

  63.      |          | System    |      |         |           |              |            |
    64. 

  64.      |          | (NES)     |      |         |           |              |            |
    65. 

  65. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    66. 

  66. 1985 | CPU      |Intel 80386|  32  | 20 MHz  |           | 275000 1000nm|            | IA-32 is the 32 bit version of
    67. 

  67.      |          | (i386,    |      |         |           | transistors  |            | X86 family
    68. 

  68.      |          |  IA-32)   |      |         |           |              |            |
    69. 

  69. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    70. 

  70. 1989 | CPU      |Intel 80486|  32  | 50 MHz  |           | 1M 1000nm    | L1 cache   |
    71. 

  71.      |          | (i486,486)|      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    72. 

  72. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    73. 

  73. 1989 | g. cons. | Game Boy  |  8   | 4 MHz   | 8 KB      |              | 160x144    | small handheld console by Nintendo,
    74. 

  74.      |          | (GB)      |      |         |           |              | 2b display | 2D games
    75. 

  75.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |            |
    76. 

  76. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    77. 

  77. 1991 | g.cons.  |Super Nint.|  16  | 4 MHz   | 128 KB    |              | 100 MB     | 2D and extremely simple 3D games
    78. 

  78.      |          |Entertain. |      |         |           |              | game cart. |
    79. 

  79.      |          | System    |      |         |           |              |            |
    80. 

  80.      |          | (SNES)    |      |         |           |              |            |
    81. 

  81. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    82. 

  82. 1991 | CPU      | AMD Am386 |  32  | 30 MHz  |           |              | no L2      | successful clone of Intel 80386, 
    83. 

  83.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |            | will lead to lawsuit with Intel
    84. 

  84. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    85. 

  85. 1993 | event    | NVidia founded
    86. 

  86. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    87. 

  87. 1993 | CPU      | Intel     |  32  | 60 MHz  |           | 3M 800nm     |~24 KB L1,  | remains x86, but drops it from the
    88. 

  88.      |          | Pentium   |      |         |           | transistors  |improved FPU| name
    89. 

  89.      |          | (P5)      |      |         |           |              |            |
    90. 

  90. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    91. 

  91. 1994 | g. cons. |PlayStation|  32  | 30 MHz  | 2 MB      |              |RISC CPU,GPU| by Sony, output to TV, 3D games
    92. 

  92.      |          | (PS1,PSX) |      |         |           |              |640x480 res.|
    93. 

  93. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    94. 

  94. 1996 | g. cons. |Nintendo 64|  64  | 90 MHz  | 4 MB      |              |640x480 dis.|
    95. 

  95.      |          | (N64)     |      |         |           |              |64 MB cart. |
    96. 

  96. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    97. 

  97. 1996 | CPU      | AMD K5    |  32  | 100 MHz |           | 4M 400nm     |24 KB L1    | 1st in-house CPU by AMD, competition 
    98. 

  98.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |            | to Intel Pentium
    99. 

  99. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    100. 

  100. 1996 | GPU      | Voodoo    |      | 50 MHz  | 8 MB      | 500nm        |            | GPU by 3dfx
    101. 

  101.      |          | graphics  |      |         |           | transistors  |            | 
    102. 

  102. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    103. 

  103. 1997 | CPU      | Intel     |  32  | 300 MHz |           | 7M 200nm     |MMX,32 KB   | evolving P5 archit. to P6
    104. 

  104.      |          | Pentium II|      |         |           | transistors  |L1,512 KB L2|
    105. 

  105. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    106. 

  106. 1997 | CPU      | AMD K6    |  32  | 300 MHz |           | 8M 300nm     |MMX, 64 KB  | competition to Intel Pentium II
    107. 

  107.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |L1          |
    108. 

  108. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    109. 

  109. 1998 | CPU      | Intel     |  32  |         |           |              |            | low-end consumer CPU line = Pentium
    110. 

  110.      |          | Celeron   |      |         |           |              |            | II without some cache
    111. 

  111. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    112. 

  112. 1998 | CPU      | Intel Xeon|  32  | 400 MHz |           |              | 1 MB L2    | xeon =high end non-consumer Pentium
    113. 

  113. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    114. 

  114. 1998 | g. cons. | Game Boy  |  8   | 4 MHz   | 32 KB     |              |160x144 col.| improved Game Boy
    115. 

  115.      |          |Color (GBC)|      |         |           |              | disp.      |
    116. 

  116. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    117. 

  117. 1999 | CPU      | AMD Athlon|  32  | 1 GHz   |           | 22M 200nm    | 128 KB L1, | 1st CPU to reach 1 GHz, overrtakes
    118. 

  118.      |          | (K7)      |      |         |           | transistors  | 512 KB L2  | and outperforms Intel Pentium III
    119. 

  119. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    120. 

  120. 1999 | CPU      | Intel     |  32  | 1 GHz   |           | 10M 100nm    | SSE, PSN,  | race vs AMD to 1 GHz, controversial
    121. 

  121.      |          |Pentium III|      |         |           | transistors  | 512 KB L2  | serial number (PSN, surveillance)
    122. 

  122. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    123. 

  123. 1999 | GPU      | NVidia    |      |         |           |              |            | 1st GeForce by NVidia, fixed-pipeline
    124. 

  124.      |          |GeForce 256|      |         |           |              |            | (transf., light, clip)
    125. 

  125. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    126. 

  126. 2000 | CPU      | Intel     |  32  | 2 GHz   |           | 42M 100nm    |            |
    127. 

  127.      |          | Pentium 4 |      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    128. 

  128. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    129. 

  129. 2000 | CPU      | AMD Duron |  32  | 1.2 GHz |           | 25M 130nm    | 128 KB L1, | budget low-end CPU alternative to
    130. 

  130.      |          |           |      |         w           | transistors  | 64 KB L2   | Athlon (reduced cache, ...)
    131. 

  131. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    132. 

  132. 2001 | CPU,     | Intel     |  64  | 1.5 GHz |           |              |            | 1st Intel's 64bit CPU, IA-64 is NOT 
    133. 

  133.      | archit.  | Itanium   |      |         |           |              |            | compatible with x86-64, it is a new 
    134. 

  134.      |          | (IA-64)   |      |         |           |              |            | 64 bit architecture
    135. 

  135. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    136. 

  136. 2001 | g. cons. | Game Boy  |  32  | 16 MHz  | 256 KB    |              |240x480 col.| handheld by Nintendo, 2D and very
    137. 

  137.      |          | Advance   |      |         |           |              | disp.      | simple 3D games
    138. 

  138. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    139. 

  139. 2003 | CPU      |AMD Opteron|  64  | 2 GHz   |           | 100mn        | 1024 KB L2 | 1st CPU with x86-64 (AMD64) arch.,
    140. 

  140.      |          |           |      |         |           | transistors  |            | backw. compatible with x86
    141. 

  141. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    142. 

  142. 2003 | g. cons. | Nokia     |  32  | 100 MHz | 16 MB     |              | ARM CPU,   | smartphone/gaming handheld by Nokia,
    143. 

  143.      |          | N-Gage    |      |         |           |              | 176x208    | 3D games
    144. 

  144. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    145. 

  145. 2005 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 3 GHz   |           | 376M 80nm    | 2 cores    | 1st Intel's dual core CPU
    146. 

  146.      |          | Pentium D |      |         |           | transistors  |            |
    147. 

  147. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    148. 

  148. 2005 | CPU      | AMD Athlon|  64  | 2 GHz   |           | 240 80nm     | 2 cores,   | 1st AMD's dual core CPU
    149. 

  149.      |          | 64 X2     |      |         |           | transistors  | 1 MB L2    |
    150. 

  150. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    151. 

  151. 2006 | CPU      | Intel Core|  64  | 2 GHz   |           | 300M 65nm    | 2 cores    | new naming: solo = 1 core, duo = 2 
    152. 

  152.      |          | 2 Duo     |      |         |           | transistors  |            | cores, quad = 4 cores etc.
    153. 

  153. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    154. 

  154. 2006 | event    | AMD buys ATI
    155. 

  155. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    156. 

  156. 2007 | event    | Intel Management Engine (ME)                                         ME, a dangerous backdoor, is intro.,
    157. 

  157.      |          |                                                                      later will be put in all CPUs
    158. 

  158. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    159. 

  159. 2008 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 1.6 GHz |           | 47M 45nm     | 2 cores    | Atom = new line of mobile low-volt.
    160. 

  160.      |          | Atom 330  |      |         |           | transistors  | 1024 KB L2 | CPUs
    161. 

  161. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    162. 

  162. 2008 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 3 GHz   |           | 700M 45nm    | 8 MB L3    | new naming for Core processors: -iX,
    163. 

  163.      |          |Core-i7 920|      |         |           | transistors  | 4 cores    | higher X = better, != no. of cores
    164. 

  164. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    165. 

  165. 2009 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 2.7 GHz |           | 700M 45nm    | 8 MB L3,   | 
    166. 

  166.      |          |Core-i5 750|      |         |           | transistors  | 4 cores    |
    167. 

  167. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    168. 

  168. 2010 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 3 GHz   |           | 382M 32nm    | 4 MB L3,   | 
    169. 

  169.      |          |Core-i3 530|      |         |           | transistors  | 2 cores    |
    170. 

  170. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    171. 

  171. 2010 | CPU      | Intel     |  64  | 3.2 GHz |           | 1B 32nm      | 12 MB L3   |
    172. 

  172.      |          |Core-i7 970|      |         |           | transistors  | 6 cores    |
    173. 

  173. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    174. 

  174. 2012 | computer | Raspberry |  64  |>=700 MHz| >=256 MB  |              | ARM,USB,SD,| popular UK single board comp.,"open"
    175. 

  175.      |          | Pi        |      |         |           |              | ET,HDMI,GPU| arch. (proprietary firmware)
    176. 

  176. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    177. 

  177. 2013 | event    | AMD Platform Security Processor                                      AMD starts putting backdoor (similar
    178. 

  178.      |          |                                                                      to Intel ME) to its CPUs
    179. 

  179. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    180. 

  180. 2015 | g.cons.  | Arduboy   |  8   | 16 MHz  | 2.5 KB    |              | 32 KB ROM, | simple open handheld console
    181. 

  181.      |          |           |      |         |           |              |128x64 1b d.|
    182. 

  182. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    183. 

  183. 2017 | g.cons.  | Pokitto   |  32  | 48 MHz  | 36 KB     |              | ARM CPU,   | open educational handheld console
    184. 

  184.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | 256 KB ROM,|
    185. 

  185.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | 220x176    |
    186. 

  186. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    187. 

  187. 2017 | CPU      |Intel Core-|  64  | 2.5 GHz |           | ~5B 14nm     | 24 MB L3   |
    188. 

  188.      |          | i9 7980XE |      |         |           | transistors  | 18 cores   |
    189. 

  189. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    190. 

  190. 2017 | CPU      | AMD Ryzen |  64  | 4 GHz   |           | 5B 12nm      | 96 KB L1,  |
    191. 

  191.      |          |Threadripp.|      |         |           | transistors  | 32 MB L3,  |
    192. 

  192.      |          | 1950X     |      |         |           |              | 16 cores   |
    193. 

  193. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    194. 

  194. 2018 | g.cons.  | Gamebuino |  32  | 48 MHz  | 32 KB     |              | ARM CPU,   | open educational handheld console        
    195. 

  195.      |          | (GB) Meta |      |         |           |              | 256 KB ROM |
    196. 

  196.      |          |           |      |         |           |              | 160x128    |
    197. 

  197. -----+----------+-----------+------+---------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------
    198. 

  198.