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calc

calc 13 KB
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  1. This is ../../info/calc, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from
    2. 

  2. calc.texi.
    3. 

  3. 

  4. This file documents Calc, the GNU Emacs calculator.
    5. 

  5. 

  6. Copyright (C) 1990-1991, 2001-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    7. 

  7. 

  8.      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
    9. 

  9.      document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
    10. 

  10.      Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
    11. 

  11.      Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being just "GNU GENERAL
    12. 

  12.      PUBLIC LICENSE", with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual,"
    13. 

  13.      and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the
    14. 

  14.      license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
    15. 

  15.      Documentation License."
    16. 

  16. 

  17.      (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
    18. 

  18.      modify this GNU manual.  Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
    19. 

  19.      developing GNU and promoting software freedom."
    20. 

  20. 

  21. INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs misc features
    22. 

  22. START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
    23. 

  23. * Calc: (calc).                 Advanced desk calculator and mathematical tool.
    24. 

  24. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
    25. 

  25. 

  26. 
    27. 

  27. Indirect:
    28. 

  28. calc-1: 1053
    29. 

  29. calc-2: 300959
    30. 

  30. calc-3: 600908
    31. 

  31. calc-4: 891919
    32. 

  32. calc-5: 1190882
    33. 

  33. calc-6: 1489593
    34. 

  34. 
    35. 

  35. Tag Table:
    36. 

  36. (Indirect)
    37. 

  37. Node: Top1053
    38. 

  38. Node: Getting Started4414
    39. 

  39. Node: What is Calc4879
    40. 

  40. Node: About This Manual6929
    41. 

  41. Node: Notations Used in This Manual10336
    42. 

  42. Node: Demonstration of Calc12238
    43. 

  43. Node: Using Calc17142
    44. 

  44. Node: Starting Calc17654
    45. 

  45. Node: The Standard Interface19041
    46. 

  46. Node: Quick Mode Overview23601
    47. 

  47. Node: Keypad Mode Overview24661
    48. 

  48. Node: Standalone Operation27514
    49. 

  49. Node: Embedded Mode Overview28162
    50. 

  50. Node: Other C-x * Commands31899
    51. 

  51. Node: History and Acknowledgements36340
    52. 

  52. Node: Interactive Tutorial41359
    53. 

  53. Node: Tutorial42389
    54. 

  54. Node: Basic Tutorial44157
    55. 

  55. Node: RPN Tutorial44726
    56. 

  56. Node: Algebraic Tutorial58894
    57. 

  57. Node: Undo Tutorial69339
    58. 

  58. Node: Modes Tutorial75183
    59. 

  59. Node: Arithmetic Tutorial91444
    60. 

  60. Node: Vector/Matrix Tutorial103734
    61. 

  61. Node: Vector Analysis Tutorial104206
    62. 

  62. Node: Matrix Tutorial108286
    63. 

  63. Node: List Tutorial115490
    64. 

  64. Node: Types Tutorial136446
    65. 

  65. Node: Algebra Tutorial154543
    66. 

  66. Node: Basic Algebra Tutorial154918
    67. 

  67. Node: Rewrites Tutorial169303
    68. 

  68. Node: Programming Tutorial184890
    69. 

  69. Node: Answers to Exercises205963
    70. 

  70. Node: RPN Answer 1209504
    71. 

  71. Node: RPN Answer 2209757
    72. 

  72. Node: RPN Answer 3211385
    73. 

  73. Node: RPN Answer 4212460
    74. 

  74. Node: Algebraic Answer 1213797
    75. 

  75. Node: Algebraic Answer 2214286
    76. 

  76. Node: Algebraic Answer 3214732
    77. 

  77. Node: Modes Answer 1215542
    78. 

  78. Node: Modes Answer 2219046
    79. 

  79. Node: Modes Answer 3220168
    80. 

  80. Node: Modes Answer 4221542
    81. 

  81. Node: Arithmetic Answer 1222589
    82. 

  82. Node: Arithmetic Answer 2223519
    83. 

  83. Node: Vector Answer 1224099
    84. 

  84. Node: Vector Answer 2224707
    85. 

  85. Node: Matrix Answer 1225136
    86. 

  86. Node: Matrix Answer 2225459
    87. 

  87. Node: Matrix Answer 3226227
    88. 

  88. Node: List Answer 1228379
    89. 

  89. Node: List Answer 2229175
    90. 

  90. Node: List Answer 3230829
    91. 

  91. Node: List Answer 4231906
    92. 

  92. Node: List Answer 5233069
    93. 

  93. Node: List Answer 6234381
    94. 

  94. Node: List Answer 7234656
    95. 

  95. Node: List Answer 8236371
    96. 

  96. Node: List Answer 9238924
    97. 

  97. Node: List Answer 10241661
    98. 

  98. Node: List Answer 11242408
    99. 

  99. Node: List Answer 12244216
    100. 

  100. Node: List Answer 13247241
    101. 

  101. Node: List Answer 14250584
    102. 

  102. Node: Types Answer 1252748
    103. 

  103. Node: Types Answer 2254037
    104. 

  104. Node: Types Answer 3255614
    105. 

  105. Node: Types Answer 4256695
    106. 

  106. Node: Types Answer 5257336
    107. 

  107. Node: Types Answer 6258750
    108. 

  108. Node: Types Answer 7260347
    109. 

  109. Node: Types Answer 8261393
    110. 

  110. Node: Types Answer 9262981
    111. 

  111. Node: Types Answer 10263814
    112. 

  112. Node: Types Answer 11265434
    113. 

  113. Node: Types Answer 12266568
    114. 

  114. Node: Types Answer 13267119
    115. 

  115. Node: Types Answer 14267368
    116. 

  116. Node: Types Answer 15268192
    117. 

  117. Node: Algebra Answer 1269102
    118. 

  118. Node: Algebra Answer 2269617
    119. 

  119. Node: Algebra Answer 3270639
    120. 

  120. Node: Algebra Answer 4271496
    121. 

  121. Node: Rewrites Answer 1272974
    122. 

  122. Node: Rewrites Answer 2274227
    123. 

  123. Node: Rewrites Answer 3275628
    124. 

  124. Node: Rewrites Answer 4276815
    125. 

  125. Node: Rewrites Answer 5278546
    126. 

  126. Node: Rewrites Answer 6279108
    127. 

  127. Node: Programming Answer 1282393
    128. 

  128. Node: Programming Answer 2283015
    129. 

  129. Node: Programming Answer 3283754
    130. 

  130. Node: Programming Answer 4284741
    131. 

  131. Node: Programming Answer 5285005
    132. 

  132. Node: Programming Answer 6285500
    133. 

  133. Node: Programming Answer 7286350
    134. 

  134. Node: Programming Answer 8287623
    135. 

  135. Node: Programming Answer 9290532
    136. 

  136. Node: Programming Answer 10293976
    137. 

  137. Node: Programming Answer 11296604
    138. 

  138. Node: Programming Answer 12299972
    139. 

  139. Node: Introduction300959
    140. 

  140. Node: Basic Commands301469
    141. 

  141. Node: Help Commands307634
    142. 

  142. Node: Stack Basics312065
    143. 

  143. Node: Numeric Entry314316
    144. 

  144. Node: Algebraic Entry315775
    145. 

  145. Node: Quick Calculator320895
    146. 

  146. Node: Prefix Arguments324105
    147. 

  147. Node: Undo326581
    148. 

  148. Node: Error Messages328783
    149. 

  149. Node: Multiple Calculators330055
    150. 

  150. Node: Troubleshooting Commands331280
    151. 

  151. Node: Autoloading Problems331738
    152. 

  152. Node: Recursion Depth332523
    153. 

  153. Node: Caches333530
    154. 

  154. Node: Debugging Calc334772
    155. 

  155. Node: Data Types337331
    156. 

  156. Node: Integers338600
    157. 

  157. Node: Fractions339785
    158. 

  158. Node: Floats340644
    159. 

  159. Node: Complex Numbers344399
    160. 

  160. Node: Infinities345743
    161. 

  161. Node: Vectors and Matrices349655
    162. 

  162. Node: Strings351338
    163. 

  163. Node: HMS Forms354009
    164. 

  164. Node: Date Forms355538
    165. 

  165. Node: Modulo Forms363174
    166. 

  166. Node: Error Forms366383
    167. 

  167. Node: Interval Forms370152
    168. 

  168. Node: Incomplete Objects374593
    169. 

  169. Node: Variables376562
    170. 

  170. Node: Formulas379336
    171. 

  171. Node: Stack and Trail385443
    172. 

  172. Node: Stack Manipulation385899
    173. 

  173. Node: Editing Stack Entries390609
    174. 

  174. Node: Trail Commands393245
    175. 

  175. Node: Keep Arguments396910
    176. 

  176. Node: Mode Settings399015
    177. 

  177. Node: General Mode Commands399554
    178. 

  178. Node: Precision403387
    179. 

  179. Node: Inverse and Hyperbolic406171
    180. 

  180. Node: Calculation Modes407893
    181. 

  181. Node: Angular Modes408441
    182. 

  182. Node: Polar Mode409624
    183. 

  183. Node: Fraction Mode410280
    184. 

  184. Node: Infinite Mode411235
    185. 

  185. Node: Symbolic Mode413012
    186. 

  186. Node: Matrix Mode414231
    187. 

  187. Node: Automatic Recomputation417832
    188. 

  188. Node: Working Message418856
    189. 

  189. Node: Simplification Modes419977
    190. 

  190. Node: Declarations423463
    191. 

  191. Node: Declaration Basics423939
    192. 

  192. Node: Kinds of Declarations426643
    193. 

  193. Node: Functions for Declarations434513
    194. 

  194. Node: Display Modes438846
    195. 

  195. Node: Radix Modes440576
    196. 

  196. Node: Grouping Digits443227
    197. 

  197. Node: Float Formats444908
    198. 

  198. Node: Complex Formats447807
    199. 

  199. Node: Fraction Formats448873
    200. 

  200. Node: HMS Formats450644
    201. 

  201. Node: Date Formats451969
    202. 

  202. Node: Date Formatting Codes453073
    203. 

  203. Node: Free-Form Dates458187
    204. 

  204. Node: Standard Date Formats460815
    205. 

  205. Node: Truncating the Stack462026
    206. 

  206. Node: Justification463443
    207. 

  207. Node: Labels466178
    208. 

  208. Node: Language Modes467427
    209. 

  209. Node: Normal Language Modes469814
    210. 

  210. Node: C FORTRAN Pascal473178
    211. 

  211. Node: TeX and LaTeX Language Modes476751
    212. 

  212. Node: Eqn Language Mode484178
    213. 

  213. Node: Yacas Language Mode487810
    214. 

  214. Node: Maxima Language Mode489057
    215. 

  215. Node: Giac Language Mode490122
    216. 

  216. Node: Mathematica Language Mode491220
    217. 

  217. Node: Maple Language Mode492192
    218. 

  218. Node: Compositions493540
    219. 

  219. Node: Composition Basics495062
    220. 

  220. Node: Horizontal Compositions499936
    221. 

  221. Node: Vertical Compositions501408
    222. 

  222. Node: Other Compositions503970
    223. 

  223. Node: Information about Compositions506182
    224. 

  224. Node: User-Defined Compositions507488
    225. 

  225. Node: Syntax Tables512444
    226. 

  226. Node: Syntax Table Basics513399
    227. 

  227. Node: Precedence in Syntax Tables519489
    228. 

  228. Node: Advanced Syntax Patterns520701
    229. 

  229. Node: Conditional Syntax Rules525084
    230. 

  230. Node: Modes Variable528119
    231. 

  231. Node: Calc Mode Line531806
    232. 

  232. Node: Arithmetic536764
    233. 

  233. Node: Basic Arithmetic537907
    234. 

  234. Node: Integer Truncation551459
    235. 

  235. Node: Complex Number Functions555097
    236. 

  236. Node: Conversions557054
    237. 

  237. Node: Date Arithmetic563692
    238. 

  238. Node: Date Conversions564724
    239. 

  239. Node: Date Functions568214
    240. 

  240. Node: Business Days574483
    241. 

  241. Node: Time Zones581031
    242. 

  242. Node: Financial Functions590845
    243. 

  243. Node: Percentages591858
    244. 

  244. Node: Future Value594561
    245. 

  245. Node: Present Value597336
    246. 

  246. Node: Related Financial Functions600908
    247. 

  247. Node: Depreciation Functions603725
    248. 

  248. Node: Definitions of Financial Functions606351
    249. 

  249. Node: Binary Functions611711
    250. 

  250. Node: Scientific Functions618056
    251. 

  251. Node: Logarithmic Functions619684
    252. 

  252. Node: Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions621768
    253. 

  253. Node: Advanced Math Functions625481
    254. 

  254. Node: Branch Cuts628864
    255. 

  255. Node: Random Numbers635135
    256. 

  256. Node: Random Number Generator640406
    257. 

  257. Node: Combinatorial Functions645102
    258. 

  258. Node: Probability Distribution Functions651892
    259. 

  259. Node: Matrix Functions655494
    260. 

  260. Node: Packing and Unpacking656507
    261. 

  261. Node: Building Vectors665043
    262. 

  262. Node: Extracting Elements670483
    263. 

  263. Node: Manipulating Vectors674722
    264. 

  264. Node: Vector and Matrix Arithmetic683375
    265. 

  265. Node: Set Operations686733
    266. 

  266. Node: Statistical Operations693750
    267. 

  267. Node: Single-Variable Statistics694743
    268. 

  268. Node: Paired-Sample Statistics702913
    269. 

  269. Node: Reducing and Mapping704652
    270. 

  270. Node: Specifying Operators705623
    271. 

  271. Node: Mapping711841
    272. 

  272. Node: Reducing716501
    273. 

  273. Node: Nesting and Fixed Points719528
    274. 

  274. Node: Generalized Products723012
    275. 

  275. Node: Vector and Matrix Formats724626
    276. 

  276. Node: Algebra729201
    277. 

  277. Node: Selecting Subformulas730519
    278. 

  278. Node: Making Selections731354
    279. 

  279. Node: Changing Selections737238
    280. 

  280. Node: Displaying Selections741007
    281. 

  281. Node: Operating on Selections742040
    282. 

  282. Node: Rearranging with Selections748038
    283. 

  283. Node: Algebraic Manipulation758272
    284. 

  284. Node: Simplifying Formulas765914
    285. 

  285. Node: Default Simplifications768177
    286. 

  286. Node: Algebraic Simplifications780877
    287. 

  287. Node: Unsafe Simplifications790357
    288. 

  288. Node: Simplification of Units793590
    289. 

  289. Node: Polynomials797160
    290. 

  290. Node: Calculus806691
    291. 

  291. Node: Differentiation807200
    292. 

  292. Node: Integration809689
    293. 

  293. Node: Customizing the Integrator813365
    294. 

  294. Node: Numerical Integration819609
    295. 

  295. Node: Taylor Series821587
    296. 

  296. Node: Solving Equations822439
    297. 

  297. Node: Multiple Solutions823800
    298. 

  298. Node: Solving Systems of Equations828953
    299. 

  299. Node: Decomposing Polynomials832048
    300. 

  300. Node: Numerical Solutions837878
    301. 

  301. Node: Root Finding838537
    302. 

  302. Node: Minimization842113
    303. 

  303. Node: Numerical Systems of Equations844698
    304. 

  304. Node: Curve Fitting846054
    305. 

  305. Node: Linear Fits847021
    306. 

  306. Node: Polynomial and Multilinear Fits852178
    307. 

  307. Node: Error Estimates for Fits856357
    308. 

  308. Node: Standard Nonlinear Models861013
    309. 

  309. Node: Curve Fitting Details868160
    310. 

  310. Node: Interpolation882048
    311. 

  311. Node: Summations884754
    312. 

  312. Node: Logical Operations891919
    313. 

  313. Node: Rewrite Rules903505
    314. 

  314. Node: Entering Rewrite Rules904883
    315. 

  315. Node: Basic Rewrite Rules907752
    316. 

  316. Node: Conditional Rewrite Rules909877
    317. 

  317. Node: Algebraic Properties of Rewrite Rules914296
    318. 

  318. Node: Other Features of Rewrite Rules925061
    319. 

  319. Node: Composing Patterns in Rewrite Rules939868
    320. 

  320. Node: Nested Formulas with Rewrite Rules944688
    321. 

  321. Node: Multi-Phase Rewrite Rules948377
    322. 

  322. Node: Selections with Rewrite Rules953792
    323. 

  323. Node: Matching Commands957359
    324. 

  324. Node: Automatic Rewrites959130
    325. 

  325. Node: Debugging Rewrites967602
    326. 

  326. Node: Examples of Rewrite Rules968532
    327. 

  327. Node: Units973115
    328. 

  328. Node: Basic Operations on Units973680
    329. 

  329. Node: The Units Table982847
    330. 

  330. Node: Predefined Units985510
    331. 

  331. Node: User-Defined Units990782
    332. 

  332. Node: Logarithmic Units994536
    333. 

  333. Node: Musical Notes999980
    334. 

  334. Node: Store and Recall1002509
    335. 

  335. Node: Storing Variables1003021
    336. 

  336. Node: Recalling Variables1010770
    337. 

  337. Node: Operations on Variables1011667
    338. 

  338. Node: Let Command1015436
    339. 

  339. Node: Evaluates-To Operator1017152
    340. 

  340. Node: Graphics1022720
    341. 

  341. Node: Basic Graphics1023930
    342. 

  342. Node: Three Dimensional Graphics1027851
    343. 

  343. Node: Managing Curves1030867
    344. 

  344. Node: Graphics Options1038146
    345. 

  345. Node: Devices1044632
    346. 

  346. Ref: Devices-Footnote-11053080
    347. 

  347. Node: Kill and Yank1053376
    348. 

  348. Node: Killing From Stack1053938
    349. 

  349. Node: Yanking Into Stack1055829
    350. 

  350. Node: Saving Into Registers1056828
    351. 

  351. Node: Inserting From Registers1058320
    352. 

  352. Node: Grabbing From Buffers1058893
    353. 

  353. Node: Yanking Into Buffers1064414
    354. 

  354. Node: X Cut and Paste1067429
    355. 

  355. Node: Keypad Mode1068927
    356. 

  356. Node: Keypad Main Menu1070999
    357. 

  357. Node: Keypad Functions Menu1075579
    358. 

  358. Node: Keypad Binary Menu1076818
    359. 

  359. Node: Keypad Vectors Menu1077993
    360. 

  360. Node: Keypad Modes Menu1081239
    361. 

  361. Node: Embedded Mode1083310
    362. 

  362. Node: Basic Embedded Mode1083858
    363. 

  363. Node: More About Embedded Mode1090611
    364. 

  364. Node: Assignments in Embedded Mode1097027
    365. 

  365. Node: Mode Settings in Embedded Mode1105574
    366. 

  366. Node: Customizing Embedded Mode1111642
    367. 

  367. Node: Programming1118850
    368. 

  368. Node: Creating User Keys1120714
    369. 

  369. Node: Keyboard Macros1123982
    370. 

  370. Node: Naming Keyboard Macros1125933
    371. 

  371. Node: Conditionals in Macros1128374
    372. 

  372. Node: Loops in Macros1131790
    373. 

  373. Node: Local Values in Macros1135775
    374. 

  374. Node: Queries in Macros1138699
    375. 

  375. Node: Invocation Macros1140217
    376. 

  376. Node: Algebraic Definitions1141743
    377. 

  377. Node: Lisp Definitions1147559
    378. 

  378. Node: Defining Functions1149050
    379. 

  379. Node: Defining Simple Commands1157736
    380. 

  380. Node: Defining Stack Commands1163394
    381. 

  381. Node: Argument Qualifiers1167332
    382. 

  382. Node: Example Definitions1169662
    383. 

  383. Node: Bit Counting Example1170066
    384. 

  384. Node: Sine Example1172825
    385. 

  385. Node: Calling Calc from Your Programs1176389
    386. 

  386. Node: Internals1190882
    387. 

  387. Node: Data Type Formats1192678
    388. 

  388. Node: Interactive Lisp Functions1200043
    389. 

  389. Node: Stack Lisp Functions1202911
    390. 

  390. Node: Predicates1212165
    391. 

  391. Node: Computational Lisp Functions1221535
    392. 

  392. Node: Vector Lisp Functions1234312
    393. 

  393. Node: Symbolic Lisp Functions1239352
    394. 

  394. Node: Formatting Lisp Functions1265184
    395. 

  395. Node: Hooks1271203
    396. 

  396. Node: Copying1277725
    397. 

  397. Node: GNU Free Documentation License1315302
    398. 

  398. Node: Customizing Calc1340473
    399. 

  399. Node: Reporting Bugs1356829
    400. 

  400. Node: Summary1358016
    401. 

  401. Node: Key Index1407891
    402. 

  402. Node: Command Index1489593
    403. 

  403. Node: Function Index1549980
    404. 

  404. Node: Concept Index1607285
    405. 

  405. Node: Variable Index1640588
    406. 

  406. Node: Lisp Function Index1652232
    407. 

  407. 
    408. 

  408. End Tag Table
    409. 

  409.