gnu-social/extlib/Net/IDNA2.php

<?php

// {{{ license{{{{{{{{{

/* vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 foldmethod=marker: */
//
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
// | This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
// | it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as       |
// | published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the |
// | License, or (at your option) any later version.                      |
// |                                                                      |
// | This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but  |
// | WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of           |
// | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU    |
// | Lesser General Public License for more details.                      |
// |                                                                      |
// | You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public     |
// | License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software  |
// | Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307 |
// | USA.                                                                 |
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
//

// }}}}}}}}}}}}
require_once 'Net/IDNA2/Exception.php';
require_once 'Net/IDNA2/Exception/Nameprep.php';

/**
 * Encode/decode Internationalized Domain Names.
 *
 * The class allows one to convert internationalized domain names
 * (see RFC 3490 for details) as they can be used with various registries worldwide
 * to be translated between their original (localized) form and their encoded form
 * as it will be used in the DNS (Domain Name System).
 *
 * The class provides two public methods, encode() and decode(), which do exactly
 * what you would expect them to do. You are allowed to use complete domain names,
 * simple strings and complete email addresses as well. That means, that you might
 * use any of the following notations:
 *
 * - www.n�rgler.com
 * - xn--nrgler-wxa
 * - xn--brse-5qa.xn--knrz-1ra.info
 *
 * Unicode input might be given as either UTF-8 string, UCS-4 string or UCS-4
 * array. Unicode output is available in the same formats.
 * You can select your preferred format via {@link set_paramter()}.
 *
 * ACE input and output is always expected to be ASCII.
 *
 * @package Net
 * @author  Markus Nix <mnix@docuverse.de>
 * @author  Matthias Sommerfeld <mso@phlylabs.de>
 * @author  Stefan Neufeind <pear.neufeind@speedpartner.de>
 * @version $Id$
 */
class Net_IDNA2
{
    // {{{ npdata
    /**
     * These Unicode codepoints are
     * mapped to nothing, See RFC3454 for details
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_map_nothing = [
        0xAD,
        0x34F,
        0x1806,
        0x180B,
        0x180C,
        0x180D,
        0x200B,
        0x200C,
        0x200D,
        0x2060,
        0xFE00,
        0xFE01,
        0xFE02,
        0xFE03,
        0xFE04,
        0xFE05,
        0xFE06,
        0xFE07,
        0xFE08,
        0xFE09,
        0xFE0A,
        0xFE0B,
        0xFE0C,
        0xFE0D,
        0xFE0E,
        0xFE0F,
        0xFEFF
    ];

    /**
     * Prohibited codepints
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_general_prohibited = [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8,
        9,
        0xA,
        0xB,
        0xC,
        0xD,
        0xE,
        0xF,
        0x10,
        0x11,
        0x12,
        0x13,
        0x14,
        0x15,
        0x16,
        0x17,
        0x18,
        0x19,
        0x1A,
        0x1B,
        0x1C,
        0x1D,
        0x1E,
        0x1F,
        0x20,
        0x21,
        0x22,
        0x23,
        0x24,
        0x25,
        0x26,
        0x27,
        0x28,
        0x29,
        0x2A,
        0x2B,
        0x2C,
        0x2F,
        0x3B,
        0x3C,
        0x3D,
        0x3E,
        0x3F,
        0x40,
        0x5B,
        0x5C,
        0x5D,
        0x5E,
        0x5F,
        0x60,
        0x7B,
        0x7C,
        0x7D,
        0x7E,
        0x7F,
        0x3002
    ];

    /**
     * Codepints prohibited by Nameprep
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_prohibit = [
        0xA0,
        0x1680,
        0x2000,
        0x2001,
        0x2002,
        0x2003,
        0x2004,
        0x2005,
        0x2006,
        0x2007,
        0x2008,
        0x2009,
        0x200A,
        0x200B,
        0x202F,
        0x205F,
        0x3000,
        0x6DD,
        0x70F,
        0x180E,
        0x200C,
        0x200D,
        0x2028,
        0x2029,
        0xFEFF,
        0xFFF9,
        0xFFFA,
        0xFFFB,
        0xFFFC,
        0xFFFE,
        0xFFFF,
        0x1FFFE,
        0x1FFFF,
        0x2FFFE,
        0x2FFFF,
        0x3FFFE,
        0x3FFFF,
        0x4FFFE,
        0x4FFFF,
        0x5FFFE,
        0x5FFFF,
        0x6FFFE,
        0x6FFFF,
        0x7FFFE,
        0x7FFFF,
        0x8FFFE,
        0x8FFFF,
        0x9FFFE,
        0x9FFFF,
        0xAFFFE,
        0xAFFFF,
        0xBFFFE,
        0xBFFFF,
        0xCFFFE,
        0xCFFFF,
        0xDFFFE,
        0xDFFFF,
        0xEFFFE,
        0xEFFFF,
        0xFFFFE,
        0xFFFFF,
        0x10FFFE,
        0x10FFFF,
        0xFFF9,
        0xFFFA,
        0xFFFB,
        0xFFFC,
        0xFFFD,
        0x340,
        0x341,
        0x200E,
        0x200F,
        0x202A,
        0x202B,
        0x202C,
        0x202D,
        0x202E,
        0x206A,
        0x206B,
        0x206C,
        0x206D,
        0x206E,
        0x206F,
        0xE0001
    ];

    /**
     * Codepoint ranges prohibited by nameprep
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_prohibit_ranges = [
        [0x80, 0x9F],
        [0x2060, 0x206F],
        [0x1D173, 0x1D17A],
        [0xE000, 0xF8FF],
        [0xF0000, 0xFFFFD],
        [0x100000, 0x10FFFD],
        [0xFDD0, 0xFDEF],
        [0xD800, 0xDFFF],
        [0x2FF0, 0x2FFB],
        [0xE0020, 0xE007F]
    ];

    /**
     * Replacement mappings (casemapping, replacement sequences, ...)
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_replacemaps = [
        0x41 => [0x61],
        0x42 => [0x62],
        0x43 => [0x63],
        0x44 => [0x64],
        0x45 => [0x65],
        0x46 => [0x66],
        0x47 => [0x67],
        0x48 => [0x68],
        0x49 => [0x69],
        0x4A => [0x6A],
        0x4B => [0x6B],
        0x4C => [0x6C],
        0x4D => [0x6D],
        0x4E => [0x6E],
        0x4F => [0x6F],
        0x50 => [0x70],
        0x51 => [0x71],
        0x52 => [0x72],
        0x53 => [0x73],
        0x54 => [0x74],
        0x55 => [0x75],
        0x56 => [0x76],
        0x57 => [0x77],
        0x58 => [0x78],
        0x59 => [0x79],
        0x5A => [0x7A],
        0xB5 => [0x3BC],
        0xC0 => [0xE0],
        0xC1 => [0xE1],
        0xC2 => [0xE2],
        0xC3 => [0xE3],
        0xC4 => [0xE4],
        0xC5 => [0xE5],
        0xC6 => [0xE6],
        0xC7 => [0xE7],
        0xC8 => [0xE8],
        0xC9 => [0xE9],
        0xCA => [0xEA],
        0xCB => [0xEB],
        0xCC => [0xEC],
        0xCD => [0xED],
        0xCE => [0xEE],
        0xCF => [0xEF],
        0xD0 => [0xF0],
        0xD1 => [0xF1],
        0xD2 => [0xF2],
        0xD3 => [0xF3],
        0xD4 => [0xF4],
        0xD5 => [0xF5],
        0xD6 => [0xF6],
        0xD8 => [0xF8],
        0xD9 => [0xF9],
        0xDA => [0xFA],
        0xDB => [0xFB],
        0xDC => [0xFC],
        0xDD => [0xFD],
        0xDE => [0xFE],
        0xDF => [0x73, 0x73],
        0x100 => [0x101],
        0x102 => [0x103],
        0x104 => [0x105],
        0x106 => [0x107],
        0x108 => [0x109],
        0x10A => [0x10B],
        0x10C => [0x10D],
        0x10E => [0x10F],
        0x110 => [0x111],
        0x112 => [0x113],
        0x114 => [0x115],
        0x116 => [0x117],
        0x118 => [0x119],
        0x11A => [0x11B],
        0x11C => [0x11D],
        0x11E => [0x11F],
        0x120 => [0x121],
        0x122 => [0x123],
        0x124 => [0x125],
        0x126 => [0x127],
        0x128 => [0x129],
        0x12A => [0x12B],
        0x12C => [0x12D],
        0x12E => [0x12F],
        0x130 => [0x69, 0x307],
        0x132 => [0x133],
        0x134 => [0x135],
        0x136 => [0x137],
        0x139 => [0x13A],
        0x13B => [0x13C],
        0x13D => [0x13E],
        0x13F => [0x140],
        0x141 => [0x142],
        0x143 => [0x144],
        0x145 => [0x146],
        0x147 => [0x148],
        0x149 => [0x2BC, 0x6E],
        0x14A => [0x14B],
        0x14C => [0x14D],
        0x14E => [0x14F],
        0x150 => [0x151],
        0x152 => [0x153],
        0x154 => [0x155],
        0x156 => [0x157],
        0x158 => [0x159],
        0x15A => [0x15B],
        0x15C => [0x15D],
        0x15E => [0x15F],
        0x160 => [0x161],
        0x162 => [0x163],
        0x164 => [0x165],
        0x166 => [0x167],
        0x168 => [0x169],
        0x16A => [0x16B],
        0x16C => [0x16D],
        0x16E => [0x16F],
        0x170 => [0x171],
        0x172 => [0x173],
        0x174 => [0x175],
        0x176 => [0x177],
        0x178 => [0xFF],
        0x179 => [0x17A],
        0x17B => [0x17C],
        0x17D => [0x17E],
        0x17F => [0x73],
        0x181 => [0x253],
        0x182 => [0x183],
        0x184 => [0x185],
        0x186 => [0x254],
        0x187 => [0x188],
        0x189 => [0x256],
        0x18A => [0x257],
        0x18B => [0x18C],
        0x18E => [0x1DD],
        0x18F => [0x259],
        0x190 => [0x25B],
        0x191 => [0x192],
        0x193 => [0x260],
        0x194 => [0x263],
        0x196 => [0x269],
        0x197 => [0x268],
        0x198 => [0x199],
        0x19C => [0x26F],
        0x19D => [0x272],
        0x19F => [0x275],
        0x1A0 => [0x1A1],
        0x1A2 => [0x1A3],
        0x1A4 => [0x1A5],
        0x1A6 => [0x280],
        0x1A7 => [0x1A8],
        0x1A9 => [0x283],
        0x1AC => [0x1AD],
        0x1AE => [0x288],
        0x1AF => [0x1B0],
        0x1B1 => [0x28A],
        0x1B2 => [0x28B],
        0x1B3 => [0x1B4],
        0x1B5 => [0x1B6],
        0x1B7 => [0x292],
        0x1B8 => [0x1B9],
        0x1BC => [0x1BD],
        0x1C4 => [0x1C6],
        0x1C5 => [0x1C6],
        0x1C7 => [0x1C9],
        0x1C8 => [0x1C9],
        0x1CA => [0x1CC],
        0x1CB => [0x1CC],
        0x1CD => [0x1CE],
        0x1CF => [0x1D0],
        0x1D1 => [0x1D2],
        0x1D3 => [0x1D4],
        0x1D5 => [0x1D6],
        0x1D7 => [0x1D8],
        0x1D9 => [0x1DA],
        0x1DB => [0x1DC],
        0x1DE => [0x1DF],
        0x1E0 => [0x1E1],
        0x1E2 => [0x1E3],
        0x1E4 => [0x1E5],
        0x1E6 => [0x1E7],
        0x1E8 => [0x1E9],
        0x1EA => [0x1EB],
        0x1EC => [0x1ED],
        0x1EE => [0x1EF],
        0x1F0 => [0x6A, 0x30C],
        0x1F1 => [0x1F3],
        0x1F2 => [0x1F3],
        0x1F4 => [0x1F5],
        0x1F6 => [0x195],
        0x1F7 => [0x1BF],
        0x1F8 => [0x1F9],
        0x1FA => [0x1FB],
        0x1FC => [0x1FD],
        0x1FE => [0x1FF],
        0x200 => [0x201],
        0x202 => [0x203],
        0x204 => [0x205],
        0x206 => [0x207],
        0x208 => [0x209],
        0x20A => [0x20B],
        0x20C => [0x20D],
        0x20E => [0x20F],
        0x210 => [0x211],
        0x212 => [0x213],
        0x214 => [0x215],
        0x216 => [0x217],
        0x218 => [0x219],
        0x21A => [0x21B],
        0x21C => [0x21D],
        0x21E => [0x21F],
        0x220 => [0x19E],
        0x222 => [0x223],
        0x224 => [0x225],
        0x226 => [0x227],
        0x228 => [0x229],
        0x22A => [0x22B],
        0x22C => [0x22D],
        0x22E => [0x22F],
        0x230 => [0x231],
        0x232 => [0x233],
        0x345 => [0x3B9],
        0x37A => [0x20, 0x3B9],
        0x386 => [0x3AC],
        0x388 => [0x3AD],
        0x389 => [0x3AE],
        0x38A => [0x3AF],
        0x38C => [0x3CC],
        0x38E => [0x3CD],
        0x38F => [0x3CE],
        0x390 => [0x3B9, 0x308, 0x301],
        0x391 => [0x3B1],
        0x392 => [0x3B2],
        0x393 => [0x3B3],
        0x394 => [0x3B4],
        0x395 => [0x3B5],
        0x396 => [0x3B6],
        0x397 => [0x3B7],
        0x398 => [0x3B8],
        0x399 => [0x3B9],
        0x39A => [0x3BA],
        0x39B => [0x3BB],
        0x39C => [0x3BC],
        0x39D => [0x3BD],
        0x39E => [0x3BE],
        0x39F => [0x3BF],
        0x3A0 => [0x3C0],
        0x3A1 => [0x3C1],
        0x3A3 => [0x3C3],
        0x3A4 => [0x3C4],
        0x3A5 => [0x3C5],
        0x3A6 => [0x3C6],
        0x3A7 => [0x3C7],
        0x3A8 => [0x3C8],
        0x3A9 => [0x3C9],
        0x3AA => [0x3CA],
        0x3AB => [0x3CB],
        0x3B0 => [0x3C5, 0x308, 0x301],
        0x3C2 => [0x3C3],
        0x3D0 => [0x3B2],
        0x3D1 => [0x3B8],
        0x3D2 => [0x3C5],
        0x3D3 => [0x3CD],
        0x3D4 => [0x3CB],
        0x3D5 => [0x3C6],
        0x3D6 => [0x3C0],
        0x3D8 => [0x3D9],
        0x3DA => [0x3DB],
        0x3DC => [0x3DD],
        0x3DE => [0x3DF],
        0x3E0 => [0x3E1],
        0x3E2 => [0x3E3],
        0x3E4 => [0x3E5],
        0x3E6 => [0x3E7],
        0x3E8 => [0x3E9],
        0x3EA => [0x3EB],
        0x3EC => [0x3ED],
        0x3EE => [0x3EF],
        0x3F0 => [0x3BA],
        0x3F1 => [0x3C1],
        0x3F2 => [0x3C3],
        0x3F4 => [0x3B8],
        0x3F5 => [0x3B5],
        0x400 => [0x450],
        0x401 => [0x451],
        0x402 => [0x452],
        0x403 => [0x453],
        0x404 => [0x454],
        0x405 => [0x455],
        0x406 => [0x456],
        0x407 => [0x457],
        0x408 => [0x458],
        0x409 => [0x459],
        0x40A => [0x45A],
        0x40B => [0x45B],
        0x40C => [0x45C],
        0x40D => [0x45D],
        0x40E => [0x45E],
        0x40F => [0x45F],
        0x410 => [0x430],
        0x411 => [0x431],
        0x412 => [0x432],
        0x413 => [0x433],
        0x414 => [0x434],
        0x415 => [0x435],
        0x416 => [0x436],
        0x417 => [0x437],
        0x418 => [0x438],
        0x419 => [0x439],
        0x41A => [0x43A],
        0x41B => [0x43B],
        0x41C => [0x43C],
        0x41D => [0x43D],
        0x41E => [0x43E],
        0x41F => [0x43F],
        0x420 => [0x440],
        0x421 => [0x441],
        0x422 => [0x442],
        0x423 => [0x443],
        0x424 => [0x444],
        0x425 => [0x445],
        0x426 => [0x446],
        0x427 => [0x447],
        0x428 => [0x448],
        0x429 => [0x449],
        0x42A => [0x44A],
        0x42B => [0x44B],
        0x42C => [0x44C],
        0x42D => [0x44D],
        0x42E => [0x44E],
        0x42F => [0x44F],
        0x460 => [0x461],
        0x462 => [0x463],
        0x464 => [0x465],
        0x466 => [0x467],
        0x468 => [0x469],
        0x46A => [0x46B],
        0x46C => [0x46D],
        0x46E => [0x46F],
        0x470 => [0x471],
        0x472 => [0x473],
        0x474 => [0x475],
        0x476 => [0x477],
        0x478 => [0x479],
        0x47A => [0x47B],
        0x47C => [0x47D],
        0x47E => [0x47F],
        0x480 => [0x481],
        0x48A => [0x48B],
        0x48C => [0x48D],
        0x48E => [0x48F],
        0x490 => [0x491],
        0x492 => [0x493],
        0x494 => [0x495],
        0x496 => [0x497],
        0x498 => [0x499],
        0x49A => [0x49B],
        0x49C => [0x49D],
        0x49E => [0x49F],
        0x4A0 => [0x4A1],
        0x4A2 => [0x4A3],
        0x4A4 => [0x4A5],
        0x4A6 => [0x4A7],
        0x4A8 => [0x4A9],
        0x4AA => [0x4AB],
        0x4AC => [0x4AD],
        0x4AE => [0x4AF],
        0x4B0 => [0x4B1],
        0x4B2 => [0x4B3],
        0x4B4 => [0x4B5],
        0x4B6 => [0x4B7],
        0x4B8 => [0x4B9],
        0x4BA => [0x4BB],
        0x4BC => [0x4BD],
        0x4BE => [0x4BF],
        0x4C1 => [0x4C2],
        0x4C3 => [0x4C4],
        0x4C5 => [0x4C6],
        0x4C7 => [0x4C8],
        0x4C9 => [0x4CA],
        0x4CB => [0x4CC],
        0x4CD => [0x4CE],
        0x4D0 => [0x4D1],
        0x4D2 => [0x4D3],
        0x4D4 => [0x4D5],
        0x4D6 => [0x4D7],
        0x4D8 => [0x4D9],
        0x4DA => [0x4DB],
        0x4DC => [0x4DD],
        0x4DE => [0x4DF],
        0x4E0 => [0x4E1],
        0x4E2 => [0x4E3],
        0x4E4 => [0x4E5],
        0x4E6 => [0x4E7],
        0x4E8 => [0x4E9],
        0x4EA => [0x4EB],
        0x4EC => [0x4ED],
        0x4EE => [0x4EF],
        0x4F0 => [0x4F1],
        0x4F2 => [0x4F3],
        0x4F4 => [0x4F5],
        0x4F8 => [0x4F9],
        0x500 => [0x501],
        0x502 => [0x503],
        0x504 => [0x505],
        0x506 => [0x507],
        0x508 => [0x509],
        0x50A => [0x50B],
        0x50C => [0x50D],
        0x50E => [0x50F],
        0x531 => [0x561],
        0x532 => [0x562],
        0x533 => [0x563],
        0x534 => [0x564],
        0x535 => [0x565],
        0x536 => [0x566],
        0x537 => [0x567],
        0x538 => [0x568],
        0x539 => [0x569],
        0x53A => [0x56A],
        0x53B => [0x56B],
        0x53C => [0x56C],
        0x53D => [0x56D],
        0x53E => [0x56E],
        0x53F => [0x56F],
        0x540 => [0x570],
        0x541 => [0x571],
        0x542 => [0x572],
        0x543 => [0x573],
        0x544 => [0x574],
        0x545 => [0x575],
        0x546 => [0x576],
        0x547 => [0x577],
        0x548 => [0x578],
        0x549 => [0x579],
        0x54A => [0x57A],
        0x54B => [0x57B],
        0x54C => [0x57C],
        0x54D => [0x57D],
        0x54E => [0x57E],
        0x54F => [0x57F],
        0x550 => [0x580],
        0x551 => [0x581],
        0x552 => [0x582],
        0x553 => [0x583],
        0x554 => [0x584],
        0x555 => [0x585],
        0x556 => [0x586],
        0x587 => [0x565, 0x582],
        0x1E00 => [0x1E01],
        0x1E02 => [0x1E03],
        0x1E04 => [0x1E05],
        0x1E06 => [0x1E07],
        0x1E08 => [0x1E09],
        0x1E0A => [0x1E0B],
        0x1E0C => [0x1E0D],
        0x1E0E => [0x1E0F],
        0x1E10 => [0x1E11],
        0x1E12 => [0x1E13],
        0x1E14 => [0x1E15],
        0x1E16 => [0x1E17],
        0x1E18 => [0x1E19],
        0x1E1A => [0x1E1B],
        0x1E1C => [0x1E1D],
        0x1E1E => [0x1E1F],
        0x1E20 => [0x1E21],
        0x1E22 => [0x1E23],
        0x1E24 => [0x1E25],
        0x1E26 => [0x1E27],
        0x1E28 => [0x1E29],
        0x1E2A => [0x1E2B],
        0x1E2C => [0x1E2D],
        0x1E2E => [0x1E2F],
        0x1E30 => [0x1E31],
        0x1E32 => [0x1E33],
        0x1E34 => [0x1E35],
        0x1E36 => [0x1E37],
        0x1E38 => [0x1E39],
        0x1E3A => [0x1E3B],
        0x1E3C => [0x1E3D],
        0x1E3E => [0x1E3F],
        0x1E40 => [0x1E41],
        0x1E42 => [0x1E43],
        0x1E44 => [0x1E45],
        0x1E46 => [0x1E47],
        0x1E48 => [0x1E49],
        0x1E4A => [0x1E4B],
        0x1E4C => [0x1E4D],
        0x1E4E => [0x1E4F],
        0x1E50 => [0x1E51],
        0x1E52 => [0x1E53],
        0x1E54 => [0x1E55],
        0x1E56 => [0x1E57],
        0x1E58 => [0x1E59],
        0x1E5A => [0x1E5B],
        0x1E5C => [0x1E5D],
        0x1E5E => [0x1E5F],
        0x1E60 => [0x1E61],
        0x1E62 => [0x1E63],
        0x1E64 => [0x1E65],
        0x1E66 => [0x1E67],
        0x1E68 => [0x1E69],
        0x1E6A => [0x1E6B],
        0x1E6C => [0x1E6D],
        0x1E6E => [0x1E6F],
        0x1E70 => [0x1E71],
        0x1E72 => [0x1E73],
        0x1E74 => [0x1E75],
        0x1E76 => [0x1E77],
        0x1E78 => [0x1E79],
        0x1E7A => [0x1E7B],
        0x1E7C => [0x1E7D],
        0x1E7E => [0x1E7F],
        0x1E80 => [0x1E81],
        0x1E82 => [0x1E83],
        0x1E84 => [0x1E85],
        0x1E86 => [0x1E87],
        0x1E88 => [0x1E89],
        0x1E8A => [0x1E8B],
        0x1E8C => [0x1E8D],
        0x1E8E => [0x1E8F],
        0x1E90 => [0x1E91],
        0x1E92 => [0x1E93],
        0x1E94 => [0x1E95],
        0x1E96 => [0x68, 0x331],
        0x1E97 => [0x74, 0x308],
        0x1E98 => [0x77, 0x30A],
        0x1E99 => [0x79, 0x30A],
        0x1E9A => [0x61, 0x2BE],
        0x1E9B => [0x1E61],
        0x1EA0 => [0x1EA1],
        0x1EA2 => [0x1EA3],
        0x1EA4 => [0x1EA5],
        0x1EA6 => [0x1EA7],
        0x1EA8 => [0x1EA9],
        0x1EAA => [0x1EAB],
        0x1EAC => [0x1EAD],
        0x1EAE => [0x1EAF],
        0x1EB0 => [0x1EB1],
        0x1EB2 => [0x1EB3],
        0x1EB4 => [0x1EB5],
        0x1EB6 => [0x1EB7],
        0x1EB8 => [0x1EB9],
        0x1EBA => [0x1EBB],
        0x1EBC => [0x1EBD],
        0x1EBE => [0x1EBF],
        0x1EC0 => [0x1EC1],
        0x1EC2 => [0x1EC3],
        0x1EC4 => [0x1EC5],
        0x1EC6 => [0x1EC7],
        0x1EC8 => [0x1EC9],
        0x1ECA => [0x1ECB],
        0x1ECC => [0x1ECD],
        0x1ECE => [0x1ECF],
        0x1ED0 => [0x1ED1],
        0x1ED2 => [0x1ED3],
        0x1ED4 => [0x1ED5],
        0x1ED6 => [0x1ED7],
        0x1ED8 => [0x1ED9],
        0x1EDA => [0x1EDB],
        0x1EDC => [0x1EDD],
        0x1EDE => [0x1EDF],
        0x1EE0 => [0x1EE1],
        0x1EE2 => [0x1EE3],
        0x1EE4 => [0x1EE5],
        0x1EE6 => [0x1EE7],
        0x1EE8 => [0x1EE9],
        0x1EEA => [0x1EEB],
        0x1EEC => [0x1EED],
        0x1EEE => [0x1EEF],
        0x1EF0 => [0x1EF1],
        0x1EF2 => [0x1EF3],
        0x1EF4 => [0x1EF5],
        0x1EF6 => [0x1EF7],
        0x1EF8 => [0x1EF9],
        0x1F08 => [0x1F00],
        0x1F09 => [0x1F01],
        0x1F0A => [0x1F02],
        0x1F0B => [0x1F03],
        0x1F0C => [0x1F04],
        0x1F0D => [0x1F05],
        0x1F0E => [0x1F06],
        0x1F0F => [0x1F07],
        0x1F18 => [0x1F10],
        0x1F19 => [0x1F11],
        0x1F1A => [0x1F12],
        0x1F1B => [0x1F13],
        0x1F1C => [0x1F14],
        0x1F1D => [0x1F15],
        0x1F28 => [0x1F20],
        0x1F29 => [0x1F21],
        0x1F2A => [0x1F22],
        0x1F2B => [0x1F23],
        0x1F2C => [0x1F24],
        0x1F2D => [0x1F25],
        0x1F2E => [0x1F26],
        0x1F2F => [0x1F27],
        0x1F38 => [0x1F30],
        0x1F39 => [0x1F31],
        0x1F3A => [0x1F32],
        0x1F3B => [0x1F33],
        0x1F3C => [0x1F34],
        0x1F3D => [0x1F35],
        0x1F3E => [0x1F36],
        0x1F3F => [0x1F37],
        0x1F48 => [0x1F40],
        0x1F49 => [0x1F41],
        0x1F4A => [0x1F42],
        0x1F4B => [0x1F43],
        0x1F4C => [0x1F44],
        0x1F4D => [0x1F45],
        0x1F50 => [0x3C5, 0x313],
        0x1F52 => [0x3C5, 0x313, 0x300],
        0x1F54 => [0x3C5, 0x313, 0x301],
        0x1F56 => [0x3C5, 0x313, 0x342],
        0x1F59 => [0x1F51],
        0x1F5B => [0x1F53],
        0x1F5D => [0x1F55],
        0x1F5F => [0x1F57],
        0x1F68 => [0x1F60],
        0x1F69 => [0x1F61],
        0x1F6A => [0x1F62],
        0x1F6B => [0x1F63],
        0x1F6C => [0x1F64],
        0x1F6D => [0x1F65],
        0x1F6E => [0x1F66],
        0x1F6F => [0x1F67],
        0x1F80 => [0x1F00, 0x3B9],
        0x1F81 => [0x1F01, 0x3B9],
        0x1F82 => [0x1F02, 0x3B9],
        0x1F83 => [0x1F03, 0x3B9],
        0x1F84 => [0x1F04, 0x3B9],
        0x1F85 => [0x1F05, 0x3B9],
        0x1F86 => [0x1F06, 0x3B9],
        0x1F87 => [0x1F07, 0x3B9],
        0x1F88 => [0x1F00, 0x3B9],
        0x1F89 => [0x1F01, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8A => [0x1F02, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8B => [0x1F03, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8C => [0x1F04, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8D => [0x1F05, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8E => [0x1F06, 0x3B9],
        0x1F8F => [0x1F07, 0x3B9],
        0x1F90 => [0x1F20, 0x3B9],
        0x1F91 => [0x1F21, 0x3B9],
        0x1F92 => [0x1F22, 0x3B9],
        0x1F93 => [0x1F23, 0x3B9],
        0x1F94 => [0x1F24, 0x3B9],
        0x1F95 => [0x1F25, 0x3B9],
        0x1F96 => [0x1F26, 0x3B9],
        0x1F97 => [0x1F27, 0x3B9],
        0x1F98 => [0x1F20, 0x3B9],
        0x1F99 => [0x1F21, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9A => [0x1F22, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9B => [0x1F23, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9C => [0x1F24, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9D => [0x1F25, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9E => [0x1F26, 0x3B9],
        0x1F9F => [0x1F27, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA0 => [0x1F60, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA1 => [0x1F61, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA2 => [0x1F62, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA3 => [0x1F63, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA4 => [0x1F64, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA5 => [0x1F65, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA6 => [0x1F66, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA7 => [0x1F67, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA8 => [0x1F60, 0x3B9],
        0x1FA9 => [0x1F61, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAA => [0x1F62, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAB => [0x1F63, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAC => [0x1F64, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAD => [0x1F65, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAE => [0x1F66, 0x3B9],
        0x1FAF => [0x1F67, 0x3B9],
        0x1FB2 => [0x1F70, 0x3B9],
        0x1FB3 => [0x3B1, 0x3B9],
        0x1FB4 => [0x3AC, 0x3B9],
        0x1FB6 => [0x3B1, 0x342],
        0x1FB7 => [0x3B1, 0x342, 0x3B9],
        0x1FB8 => [0x1FB0],
        0x1FB9 => [0x1FB1],
        0x1FBA => [0x1F70],
        0x1FBB => [0x1F71],
        0x1FBC => [0x3B1, 0x3B9],
        0x1FBE => [0x3B9],
        0x1FC2 => [0x1F74, 0x3B9],
        0x1FC3 => [0x3B7, 0x3B9],
        0x1FC4 => [0x3AE, 0x3B9],
        0x1FC6 => [0x3B7, 0x342],
        0x1FC7 => [0x3B7, 0x342, 0x3B9],
        0x1FC8 => [0x1F72],
        0x1FC9 => [0x1F73],
        0x1FCA => [0x1F74],
        0x1FCB => [0x1F75],
        0x1FCC => [0x3B7, 0x3B9],
        0x1FD2 => [0x3B9, 0x308, 0x300],
        0x1FD3 => [0x3B9, 0x308, 0x301],
        0x1FD6 => [0x3B9, 0x342],
        0x1FD7 => [0x3B9, 0x308, 0x342],
        0x1FD8 => [0x1FD0],
        0x1FD9 => [0x1FD1],
        0x1FDA => [0x1F76],
        0x1FDB => [0x1F77],
        0x1FE2 => [0x3C5, 0x308, 0x300],
        0x1FE3 => [0x3C5, 0x308, 0x301],
        0x1FE4 => [0x3C1, 0x313],
        0x1FE6 => [0x3C5, 0x342],
        0x1FE7 => [0x3C5, 0x308, 0x342],
        0x1FE8 => [0x1FE0],
        0x1FE9 => [0x1FE1],
        0x1FEA => [0x1F7A],
        0x1FEB => [0x1F7B],
        0x1FEC => [0x1FE5],
        0x1FF2 => [0x1F7C, 0x3B9],
        0x1FF3 => [0x3C9, 0x3B9],
        0x1FF4 => [0x3CE, 0x3B9],
        0x1FF6 => [0x3C9, 0x342],
        0x1FF7 => [0x3C9, 0x342, 0x3B9],
        0x1FF8 => [0x1F78],
        0x1FF9 => [0x1F79],
        0x1FFA => [0x1F7C],
        0x1FFB => [0x1F7D],
        0x1FFC => [0x3C9, 0x3B9],
        0x20A8 => [0x72, 0x73],
        0x2102 => [0x63],
        0x2103 => [0xB0, 0x63],
        0x2107 => [0x25B],
        0x2109 => [0xB0, 0x66],
        0x210B => [0x68],
        0x210C => [0x68],
        0x210D => [0x68],
        0x2110 => [0x69],
        0x2111 => [0x69],
        0x2112 => [0x6C],
        0x2115 => [0x6E],
        0x2116 => [0x6E, 0x6F],
        0x2119 => [0x70],
        0x211A => [0x71],
        0x211B => [0x72],
        0x211C => [0x72],
        0x211D => [0x72],
        0x2120 => [0x73, 0x6D],
        0x2121 => [0x74, 0x65, 0x6C],
        0x2122 => [0x74, 0x6D],
        0x2124 => [0x7A],
        0x2126 => [0x3C9],
        0x2128 => [0x7A],
        0x212A => [0x6B],
        0x212B => [0xE5],
        0x212C => [0x62],
        0x212D => [0x63],
        0x2130 => [0x65],
        0x2131 => [0x66],
        0x2133 => [0x6D],
        0x213E => [0x3B3],
        0x213F => [0x3C0],
        0x2145 => [0x64],
        0x2160 => [0x2170],
        0x2161 => [0x2171],
        0x2162 => [0x2172],
        0x2163 => [0x2173],
        0x2164 => [0x2174],
        0x2165 => [0x2175],
        0x2166 => [0x2176],
        0x2167 => [0x2177],
        0x2168 => [0x2178],
        0x2169 => [0x2179],
        0x216A => [0x217A],
        0x216B => [0x217B],
        0x216C => [0x217C],
        0x216D => [0x217D],
        0x216E => [0x217E],
        0x216F => [0x217F],
        0x24B6 => [0x24D0],
        0x24B7 => [0x24D1],
        0x24B8 => [0x24D2],
        0x24B9 => [0x24D3],
        0x24BA => [0x24D4],
        0x24BB => [0x24D5],
        0x24BC => [0x24D6],
        0x24BD => [0x24D7],
        0x24BE => [0x24D8],
        0x24BF => [0x24D9],
        0x24C0 => [0x24DA],
        0x24C1 => [0x24DB],
        0x24C2 => [0x24DC],
        0x24C3 => [0x24DD],
        0x24C4 => [0x24DE],
        0x24C5 => [0x24DF],
        0x24C6 => [0x24E0],
        0x24C7 => [0x24E1],
        0x24C8 => [0x24E2],
        0x24C9 => [0x24E3],
        0x24CA => [0x24E4],
        0x24CB => [0x24E5],
        0x24CC => [0x24E6],
        0x24CD => [0x24E7],
        0x24CE => [0x24E8],
        0x24CF => [0x24E9],
        0x3371 => [0x68, 0x70, 0x61],
        0x3373 => [0x61, 0x75],
        0x3375 => [0x6F, 0x76],
        0x3380 => [0x70, 0x61],
        0x3381 => [0x6E, 0x61],
        0x3382 => [0x3BC, 0x61],
        0x3383 => [0x6D, 0x61],
        0x3384 => [0x6B, 0x61],
        0x3385 => [0x6B, 0x62],
        0x3386 => [0x6D, 0x62],
        0x3387 => [0x67, 0x62],
        0x338A => [0x70, 0x66],
        0x338B => [0x6E, 0x66],
        0x338C => [0x3BC, 0x66],
        0x3390 => [0x68, 0x7A],
        0x3391 => [0x6B, 0x68, 0x7A],
        0x3392 => [0x6D, 0x68, 0x7A],
        0x3393 => [0x67, 0x68, 0x7A],
        0x3394 => [0x74, 0x68, 0x7A],
        0x33A9 => [0x70, 0x61],
        0x33AA => [0x6B, 0x70, 0x61],
        0x33AB => [0x6D, 0x70, 0x61],
        0x33AC => [0x67, 0x70, 0x61],
        0x33B4 => [0x70, 0x76],
        0x33B5 => [0x6E, 0x76],
        0x33B6 => [0x3BC, 0x76],
        0x33B7 => [0x6D, 0x76],
        0x33B8 => [0x6B, 0x76],
        0x33B9 => [0x6D, 0x76],
        0x33BA => [0x70, 0x77],
        0x33BB => [0x6E, 0x77],
        0x33BC => [0x3BC, 0x77],
        0x33BD => [0x6D, 0x77],
        0x33BE => [0x6B, 0x77],
        0x33BF => [0x6D, 0x77],
        0x33C0 => [0x6B, 0x3C9],
        0x33C1 => [0x6D, 0x3C9],
        /* 0x33C2  => [0x61, 0x2E, 0x6D, 0x2E], */
        0x33C3 => [0x62, 0x71],
        0x33C6 => [0x63, 0x2215, 0x6B, 0x67],
        0x33C7 => [0x63, 0x6F, 0x2E],
        0x33C8 => [0x64, 0x62],
        0x33C9 => [0x67, 0x79],
        0x33CB => [0x68, 0x70],
        0x33CD => [0x6B, 0x6B],
        0x33CE => [0x6B, 0x6D],
        0x33D7 => [0x70, 0x68],
        0x33D9 => [0x70, 0x70, 0x6D],
        0x33DA => [0x70, 0x72],
        0x33DC => [0x73, 0x76],
        0x33DD => [0x77, 0x62],
        0xFB00 => [0x66, 0x66],
        0xFB01 => [0x66, 0x69],
        0xFB02 => [0x66, 0x6C],
        0xFB03 => [0x66, 0x66, 0x69],
        0xFB04 => [0x66, 0x66, 0x6C],
        0xFB05 => [0x73, 0x74],
        0xFB06 => [0x73, 0x74],
        0xFB13 => [0x574, 0x576],
        0xFB14 => [0x574, 0x565],
        0xFB15 => [0x574, 0x56B],
        0xFB16 => [0x57E, 0x576],
        0xFB17 => [0x574, 0x56D],
        0xFF21 => [0xFF41],
        0xFF22 => [0xFF42],
        0xFF23 => [0xFF43],
        0xFF24 => [0xFF44],
        0xFF25 => [0xFF45],
        0xFF26 => [0xFF46],
        0xFF27 => [0xFF47],
        0xFF28 => [0xFF48],
        0xFF29 => [0xFF49],
        0xFF2A => [0xFF4A],
        0xFF2B => [0xFF4B],
        0xFF2C => [0xFF4C],
        0xFF2D => [0xFF4D],
        0xFF2E => [0xFF4E],
        0xFF2F => [0xFF4F],
        0xFF30 => [0xFF50],
        0xFF31 => [0xFF51],
        0xFF32 => [0xFF52],
        0xFF33 => [0xFF53],
        0xFF34 => [0xFF54],
        0xFF35 => [0xFF55],
        0xFF36 => [0xFF56],
        0xFF37 => [0xFF57],
        0xFF38 => [0xFF58],
        0xFF39 => [0xFF59],
        0xFF3A => [0xFF5A],
        0x10400 => [0x10428],
        0x10401 => [0x10429],
        0x10402 => [0x1042A],
        0x10403 => [0x1042B],
        0x10404 => [0x1042C],
        0x10405 => [0x1042D],
        0x10406 => [0x1042E],
        0x10407 => [0x1042F],
        0x10408 => [0x10430],
        0x10409 => [0x10431],
        0x1040A => [0x10432],
        0x1040B => [0x10433],
        0x1040C => [0x10434],
        0x1040D => [0x10435],
        0x1040E => [0x10436],
        0x1040F => [0x10437],
        0x10410 => [0x10438],
        0x10411 => [0x10439],
        0x10412 => [0x1043A],
        0x10413 => [0x1043B],
        0x10414 => [0x1043C],
        0x10415 => [0x1043D],
        0x10416 => [0x1043E],
        0x10417 => [0x1043F],
        0x10418 => [0x10440],
        0x10419 => [0x10441],
        0x1041A => [0x10442],
        0x1041B => [0x10443],
        0x1041C => [0x10444],
        0x1041D => [0x10445],
        0x1041E => [0x10446],
        0x1041F => [0x10447],
        0x10420 => [0x10448],
        0x10421 => [0x10449],
        0x10422 => [0x1044A],
        0x10423 => [0x1044B],
        0x10424 => [0x1044C],
        0x10425 => [0x1044D],
        0x1D400 => [0x61],
        0x1D401 => [0x62],
        0x1D402 => [0x63],
        0x1D403 => [0x64],
        0x1D404 => [0x65],
        0x1D405 => [0x66],
        0x1D406 => [0x67],
        0x1D407 => [0x68],
        0x1D408 => [0x69],
        0x1D409 => [0x6A],
        0x1D40A => [0x6B],
        0x1D40B => [0x6C],
        0x1D40C => [0x6D],
        0x1D40D => [0x6E],
        0x1D40E => [0x6F],
        0x1D40F => [0x70],
        0x1D410 => [0x71],
        0x1D411 => [0x72],
        0x1D412 => [0x73],
        0x1D413 => [0x74],
        0x1D414 => [0x75],
        0x1D415 => [0x76],
        0x1D416 => [0x77],
        0x1D417 => [0x78],
        0x1D418 => [0x79],
        0x1D419 => [0x7A],
        0x1D434 => [0x61],
        0x1D435 => [0x62],
        0x1D436 => [0x63],
        0x1D437 => [0x64],
        0x1D438 => [0x65],
        0x1D439 => [0x66],
        0x1D43A => [0x67],
        0x1D43B => [0x68],
        0x1D43C => [0x69],
        0x1D43D => [0x6A],
        0x1D43E => [0x6B],
        0x1D43F => [0x6C],
        0x1D440 => [0x6D],
        0x1D441 => [0x6E],
        0x1D442 => [0x6F],
        0x1D443 => [0x70],
        0x1D444 => [0x71],
        0x1D445 => [0x72],
        0x1D446 => [0x73],
        0x1D447 => [0x74],
        0x1D448 => [0x75],
        0x1D449 => [0x76],
        0x1D44A => [0x77],
        0x1D44B => [0x78],
        0x1D44C => [0x79],
        0x1D44D => [0x7A],
        0x1D468 => [0x61],
        0x1D469 => [0x62],
        0x1D46A => [0x63],
        0x1D46B => [0x64],
        0x1D46C => [0x65],
        0x1D46D => [0x66],
        0x1D46E => [0x67],
        0x1D46F => [0x68],
        0x1D470 => [0x69],
        0x1D471 => [0x6A],
        0x1D472 => [0x6B],
        0x1D473 => [0x6C],
        0x1D474 => [0x6D],
        0x1D475 => [0x6E],
        0x1D476 => [0x6F],
        0x1D477 => [0x70],
        0x1D478 => [0x71],
        0x1D479 => [0x72],
        0x1D47A => [0x73],
        0x1D47B => [0x74],
        0x1D47C => [0x75],
        0x1D47D => [0x76],
        0x1D47E => [0x77],
        0x1D47F => [0x78],
        0x1D480 => [0x79],
        0x1D481 => [0x7A],
        0x1D49C => [0x61],
        0x1D49E => [0x63],
        0x1D49F => [0x64],
        0x1D4A2 => [0x67],
        0x1D4A5 => [0x6A],
        0x1D4A6 => [0x6B],
        0x1D4A9 => [0x6E],
        0x1D4AA => [0x6F],
        0x1D4AB => [0x70],
        0x1D4AC => [0x71],
        0x1D4AE => [0x73],
        0x1D4AF => [0x74],
        0x1D4B0 => [0x75],
        0x1D4B1 => [0x76],
        0x1D4B2 => [0x77],
        0x1D4B3 => [0x78],
        0x1D4B4 => [0x79],
        0x1D4B5 => [0x7A],
        0x1D4D0 => [0x61],
        0x1D4D1 => [0x62],
        0x1D4D2 => [0x63],
        0x1D4D3 => [0x64],
        0x1D4D4 => [0x65],
        0x1D4D5 => [0x66],
        0x1D4D6 => [0x67],
        0x1D4D7 => [0x68],
        0x1D4D8 => [0x69],
        0x1D4D9 => [0x6A],
        0x1D4DA => [0x6B],
        0x1D4DB => [0x6C],
        0x1D4DC => [0x6D],
        0x1D4DD => [0x6E],
        0x1D4DE => [0x6F],
        0x1D4DF => [0x70],
        0x1D4E0 => [0x71],
        0x1D4E1 => [0x72],
        0x1D4E2 => [0x73],
        0x1D4E3 => [0x74],
        0x1D4E4 => [0x75],
        0x1D4E5 => [0x76],
        0x1D4E6 => [0x77],
        0x1D4E7 => [0x78],
        0x1D4E8 => [0x79],
        0x1D4E9 => [0x7A],
        0x1D504 => [0x61],
        0x1D505 => [0x62],
        0x1D507 => [0x64],
        0x1D508 => [0x65],
        0x1D509 => [0x66],
        0x1D50A => [0x67],
        0x1D50D => [0x6A],
        0x1D50E => [0x6B],
        0x1D50F => [0x6C],
        0x1D510 => [0x6D],
        0x1D511 => [0x6E],
        0x1D512 => [0x6F],
        0x1D513 => [0x70],
        0x1D514 => [0x71],
        0x1D516 => [0x73],
        0x1D517 => [0x74],
        0x1D518 => [0x75],
        0x1D519 => [0x76],
        0x1D51A => [0x77],
        0x1D51B => [0x78],
        0x1D51C => [0x79],
        0x1D538 => [0x61],
        0x1D539 => [0x62],
        0x1D53B => [0x64],
        0x1D53C => [0x65],
        0x1D53D => [0x66],
        0x1D53E => [0x67],
        0x1D540 => [0x69],
        0x1D541 => [0x6A],
        0x1D542 => [0x6B],
        0x1D543 => [0x6C],
        0x1D544 => [0x6D],
        0x1D546 => [0x6F],
        0x1D54A => [0x73],
        0x1D54B => [0x74],
        0x1D54C => [0x75],
        0x1D54D => [0x76],
        0x1D54E => [0x77],
        0x1D54F => [0x78],
        0x1D550 => [0x79],
        0x1D56C => [0x61],
        0x1D56D => [0x62],
        0x1D56E => [0x63],
        0x1D56F => [0x64],
        0x1D570 => [0x65],
        0x1D571 => [0x66],
        0x1D572 => [0x67],
        0x1D573 => [0x68],
        0x1D574 => [0x69],
        0x1D575 => [0x6A],
        0x1D576 => [0x6B],
        0x1D577 => [0x6C],
        0x1D578 => [0x6D],
        0x1D579 => [0x6E],
        0x1D57A => [0x6F],
        0x1D57B => [0x70],
        0x1D57C => [0x71],
        0x1D57D => [0x72],
        0x1D57E => [0x73],
        0x1D57F => [0x74],
        0x1D580 => [0x75],
        0x1D581 => [0x76],
        0x1D582 => [0x77],
        0x1D583 => [0x78],
        0x1D584 => [0x79],
        0x1D585 => [0x7A],
        0x1D5A0 => [0x61],
        0x1D5A1 => [0x62],
        0x1D5A2 => [0x63],
        0x1D5A3 => [0x64],
        0x1D5A4 => [0x65],
        0x1D5A5 => [0x66],
        0x1D5A6 => [0x67],
        0x1D5A7 => [0x68],
        0x1D5A8 => [0x69],
        0x1D5A9 => [0x6A],
        0x1D5AA => [0x6B],
        0x1D5AB => [0x6C],
        0x1D5AC => [0x6D],
        0x1D5AD => [0x6E],
        0x1D5AE => [0x6F],
        0x1D5AF => [0x70],
        0x1D5B0 => [0x71],
        0x1D5B1 => [0x72],
        0x1D5B2 => [0x73],
        0x1D5B3 => [0x74],
        0x1D5B4 => [0x75],
        0x1D5B5 => [0x76],
        0x1D5B6 => [0x77],
        0x1D5B7 => [0x78],
        0x1D5B8 => [0x79],
        0x1D5B9 => [0x7A],
        0x1D5D4 => [0x61],
        0x1D5D5 => [0x62],
        0x1D5D6 => [0x63],
        0x1D5D7 => [0x64],
        0x1D5D8 => [0x65],
        0x1D5D9 => [0x66],
        0x1D5DA => [0x67],
        0x1D5DB => [0x68],
        0x1D5DC => [0x69],
        0x1D5DD => [0x6A],
        0x1D5DE => [0x6B],
        0x1D5DF => [0x6C],
        0x1D5E0 => [0x6D],
        0x1D5E1 => [0x6E],
        0x1D5E2 => [0x6F],
        0x1D5E3 => [0x70],
        0x1D5E4 => [0x71],
        0x1D5E5 => [0x72],
        0x1D5E6 => [0x73],
        0x1D5E7 => [0x74],
        0x1D5E8 => [0x75],
        0x1D5E9 => [0x76],
        0x1D5EA => [0x77],
        0x1D5EB => [0x78],
        0x1D5EC => [0x79],
        0x1D5ED => [0x7A],
        0x1D608 => [0x61],
        0x1D609 => [0x62],
        0x1D60A => [0x63],
        0x1D60B => [0x64],
        0x1D60C => [0x65],
        0x1D60D => [0x66],
        0x1D60E => [0x67],
        0x1D60F => [0x68],
        0x1D610 => [0x69],
        0x1D611 => [0x6A],
        0x1D612 => [0x6B],
        0x1D613 => [0x6C],
        0x1D614 => [0x6D],
        0x1D615 => [0x6E],
        0x1D616 => [0x6F],
        0x1D617 => [0x70],
        0x1D618 => [0x71],
        0x1D619 => [0x72],
        0x1D61A => [0x73],
        0x1D61B => [0x74],
        0x1D61C => [0x75],
        0x1D61D => [0x76],
        0x1D61E => [0x77],
        0x1D61F => [0x78],
        0x1D620 => [0x79],
        0x1D621 => [0x7A],
        0x1D63C => [0x61],
        0x1D63D => [0x62],
        0x1D63E => [0x63],
        0x1D63F => [0x64],
        0x1D640 => [0x65],
        0x1D641 => [0x66],
        0x1D642 => [0x67],
        0x1D643 => [0x68],
        0x1D644 => [0x69],
        0x1D645 => [0x6A],
        0x1D646 => [0x6B],
        0x1D647 => [0x6C],
        0x1D648 => [0x6D],
        0x1D649 => [0x6E],
        0x1D64A => [0x6F],
        0x1D64B => [0x70],
        0x1D64C => [0x71],
        0x1D64D => [0x72],
        0x1D64E => [0x73],
        0x1D64F => [0x74],
        0x1D650 => [0x75],
        0x1D651 => [0x76],
        0x1D652 => [0x77],
        0x1D653 => [0x78],
        0x1D654 => [0x79],
        0x1D655 => [0x7A],
        0x1D670 => [0x61],
        0x1D671 => [0x62],
        0x1D672 => [0x63],
        0x1D673 => [0x64],
        0x1D674 => [0x65],
        0x1D675 => [0x66],
        0x1D676 => [0x67],
        0x1D677 => [0x68],
        0x1D678 => [0x69],
        0x1D679 => [0x6A],
        0x1D67A => [0x6B],
        0x1D67B => [0x6C],
        0x1D67C => [0x6D],
        0x1D67D => [0x6E],
        0x1D67E => [0x6F],
        0x1D67F => [0x70],
        0x1D680 => [0x71],
        0x1D681 => [0x72],
        0x1D682 => [0x73],
        0x1D683 => [0x74],
        0x1D684 => [0x75],
        0x1D685 => [0x76],
        0x1D686 => [0x77],
        0x1D687 => [0x78],
        0x1D688 => [0x79],
        0x1D689 => [0x7A],
        0x1D6A8 => [0x3B1],
        0x1D6A9 => [0x3B2],
        0x1D6AA => [0x3B3],
        0x1D6AB => [0x3B4],
        0x1D6AC => [0x3B5],
        0x1D6AD => [0x3B6],
        0x1D6AE => [0x3B7],
        0x1D6AF => [0x3B8],
        0x1D6B0 => [0x3B9],
        0x1D6B1 => [0x3BA],
        0x1D6B2 => [0x3BB],
        0x1D6B3 => [0x3BC],
        0x1D6B4 => [0x3BD],
        0x1D6B5 => [0x3BE],
        0x1D6B6 => [0x3BF],
        0x1D6B7 => [0x3C0],
        0x1D6B8 => [0x3C1],
        0x1D6B9 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D6BA => [0x3C3],
        0x1D6BB => [0x3C4],
        0x1D6BC => [0x3C5],
        0x1D6BD => [0x3C6],
        0x1D6BE => [0x3C7],
        0x1D6BF => [0x3C8],
        0x1D6C0 => [0x3C9],
        0x1D6D3 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D6E2 => [0x3B1],
        0x1D6E3 => [0x3B2],
        0x1D6E4 => [0x3B3],
        0x1D6E5 => [0x3B4],
        0x1D6E6 => [0x3B5],
        0x1D6E7 => [0x3B6],
        0x1D6E8 => [0x3B7],
        0x1D6E9 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D6EA => [0x3B9],
        0x1D6EB => [0x3BA],
        0x1D6EC => [0x3BB],
        0x1D6ED => [0x3BC],
        0x1D6EE => [0x3BD],
        0x1D6EF => [0x3BE],
        0x1D6F0 => [0x3BF],
        0x1D6F1 => [0x3C0],
        0x1D6F2 => [0x3C1],
        0x1D6F3 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D6F4 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D6F5 => [0x3C4],
        0x1D6F6 => [0x3C5],
        0x1D6F7 => [0x3C6],
        0x1D6F8 => [0x3C7],
        0x1D6F9 => [0x3C8],
        0x1D6FA => [0x3C9],
        0x1D70D => [0x3C3],
        0x1D71C => [0x3B1],
        0x1D71D => [0x3B2],
        0x1D71E => [0x3B3],
        0x1D71F => [0x3B4],
        0x1D720 => [0x3B5],
        0x1D721 => [0x3B6],
        0x1D722 => [0x3B7],
        0x1D723 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D724 => [0x3B9],
        0x1D725 => [0x3BA],
        0x1D726 => [0x3BB],
        0x1D727 => [0x3BC],
        0x1D728 => [0x3BD],
        0x1D729 => [0x3BE],
        0x1D72A => [0x3BF],
        0x1D72B => [0x3C0],
        0x1D72C => [0x3C1],
        0x1D72D => [0x3B8],
        0x1D72E => [0x3C3],
        0x1D72F => [0x3C4],
        0x1D730 => [0x3C5],
        0x1D731 => [0x3C6],
        0x1D732 => [0x3C7],
        0x1D733 => [0x3C8],
        0x1D734 => [0x3C9],
        0x1D747 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D756 => [0x3B1],
        0x1D757 => [0x3B2],
        0x1D758 => [0x3B3],
        0x1D759 => [0x3B4],
        0x1D75A => [0x3B5],
        0x1D75B => [0x3B6],
        0x1D75C => [0x3B7],
        0x1D75D => [0x3B8],
        0x1D75E => [0x3B9],
        0x1D75F => [0x3BA],
        0x1D760 => [0x3BB],
        0x1D761 => [0x3BC],
        0x1D762 => [0x3BD],
        0x1D763 => [0x3BE],
        0x1D764 => [0x3BF],
        0x1D765 => [0x3C0],
        0x1D766 => [0x3C1],
        0x1D767 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D768 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D769 => [0x3C4],
        0x1D76A => [0x3C5],
        0x1D76B => [0x3C6],
        0x1D76C => [0x3C7],
        0x1D76D => [0x3C8],
        0x1D76E => [0x3C9],
        0x1D781 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D790 => [0x3B1],
        0x1D791 => [0x3B2],
        0x1D792 => [0x3B3],
        0x1D793 => [0x3B4],
        0x1D794 => [0x3B5],
        0x1D795 => [0x3B6],
        0x1D796 => [0x3B7],
        0x1D797 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D798 => [0x3B9],
        0x1D799 => [0x3BA],
        0x1D79A => [0x3BB],
        0x1D79B => [0x3BC],
        0x1D79C => [0x3BD],
        0x1D79D => [0x3BE],
        0x1D79E => [0x3BF],
        0x1D79F => [0x3C0],
        0x1D7A0 => [0x3C1],
        0x1D7A1 => [0x3B8],
        0x1D7A2 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D7A3 => [0x3C4],
        0x1D7A4 => [0x3C5],
        0x1D7A5 => [0x3C6],
        0x1D7A6 => [0x3C7],
        0x1D7A7 => [0x3C8],
        0x1D7A8 => [0x3C9],
        0x1D7BB => [0x3C3],
        0x3F9 => [0x3C3],
        0x1D2C => [0x61],
        0x1D2D => [0xE6],
        0x1D2E => [0x62],
        0x1D30 => [0x64],
        0x1D31 => [0x65],
        0x1D32 => [0x1DD],
        0x1D33 => [0x67],
        0x1D34 => [0x68],
        0x1D35 => [0x69],
        0x1D36 => [0x6A],
        0x1D37 => [0x6B],
        0x1D38 => [0x6C],
        0x1D39 => [0x6D],
        0x1D3A => [0x6E],
        0x1D3C => [0x6F],
        0x1D3D => [0x223],
        0x1D3E => [0x70],
        0x1D3F => [0x72],
        0x1D40 => [0x74],
        0x1D41 => [0x75],
        0x1D42 => [0x77],
        0x213B => [0x66, 0x61, 0x78],
        0x3250 => [0x70, 0x74, 0x65],
        0x32CC => [0x68, 0x67],
        0x32CE => [0x65, 0x76],
        0x32CF => [0x6C, 0x74, 0x64],
        0x337A => [0x69, 0x75],
        0x33DE => [0x76, 0x2215, 0x6D],
        0x33DF => [0x61, 0x2215, 0x6D]
    ];

    /**
     * Normalization Combining Classes; Code Points not listed
     * got Combining Class 0.
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_norm_combcls = [
        0x334 => 1,
        0x335 => 1,
        0x336 => 1,
        0x337 => 1,
        0x338 => 1,
        0x93C => 7,
        0x9BC => 7,
        0xA3C => 7,
        0xABC => 7,
        0xB3C => 7,
        0xCBC => 7,
        0x1037 => 7,
        0x3099 => 8,
        0x309A => 8,
        0x94D => 9,
        0x9CD => 9,
        0xA4D => 9,
        0xACD => 9,
        0xB4D => 9,
        0xBCD => 9,
        0xC4D => 9,
        0xCCD => 9,
        0xD4D => 9,
        0xDCA => 9,
        0xE3A => 9,
        0xF84 => 9,
        0x1039 => 9,
        0x1714 => 9,
        0x1734 => 9,
        0x17D2 => 9,
        0x5B0 => 10,
        0x5B1 => 11,
        0x5B2 => 12,
        0x5B3 => 13,
        0x5B4 => 14,
        0x5B5 => 15,
        0x5B6 => 16,
        0x5B7 => 17,
        0x5B8 => 18,
        0x5B9 => 19,
        0x5BB => 20,
        0x5Bc => 21,
        0x5BD => 22,
        0x5BF => 23,
        0x5C1 => 24,
        0x5C2 => 25,
        0xFB1E => 26,
        0x64B => 27,
        0x64C => 28,
        0x64D => 29,
        0x64E => 30,
        0x64F => 31,
        0x650 => 32,
        0x651 => 33,
        0x652 => 34,
        0x670 => 35,
        0x711 => 36,
        0xC55 => 84,
        0xC56 => 91,
        0xE38 => 103,
        0xE39 => 103,
        0xE48 => 107,
        0xE49 => 107,
        0xE4A => 107,
        0xE4B => 107,
        0xEB8 => 118,
        0xEB9 => 118,
        0xEC8 => 122,
        0xEC9 => 122,
        0xECA => 122,
        0xECB => 122,
        0xF71 => 129,
        0xF72 => 130,
        0xF7A => 130,
        0xF7B => 130,
        0xF7C => 130,
        0xF7D => 130,
        0xF80 => 130,
        0xF74 => 132,
        0x321 => 202,
        0x322 => 202,
        0x327 => 202,
        0x328 => 202,
        0x31B => 216,
        0xF39 => 216,
        0x1D165 => 216,
        0x1D166 => 216,
        0x1D16E => 216,
        0x1D16F => 216,
        0x1D170 => 216,
        0x1D171 => 216,
        0x1D172 => 216,
        0x302A => 218,
        0x316 => 220,
        0x317 => 220,
        0x318 => 220,
        0x319 => 220,
        0x31C => 220,
        0x31D => 220,
        0x31E => 220,
        0x31F => 220,
        0x320 => 220,
        0x323 => 220,
        0x324 => 220,
        0x325 => 220,
        0x326 => 220,
        0x329 => 220,
        0x32A => 220,
        0x32B => 220,
        0x32C => 220,
        0x32D => 220,
        0x32E => 220,
        0x32F => 220,
        0x330 => 220,
        0x331 => 220,
        0x332 => 220,
        0x333 => 220,
        0x339 => 220,
        0x33A => 220,
        0x33B => 220,
        0x33C => 220,
        0x347 => 220,
        0x348 => 220,
        0x349 => 220,
        0x34D => 220,
        0x34E => 220,
        0x353 => 220,
        0x354 => 220,
        0x355 => 220,
        0x356 => 220,
        0x591 => 220,
        0x596 => 220,
        0x59B => 220,
        0x5A3 => 220,
        0x5A4 => 220,
        0x5A5 => 220,
        0x5A6 => 220,
        0x5A7 => 220,
        0x5AA => 220,
        0x655 => 220,
        0x656 => 220,
        0x6E3 => 220,
        0x6EA => 220,
        0x6ED => 220,
        0x731 => 220,
        0x734 => 220,
        0x737 => 220,
        0x738 => 220,
        0x739 => 220,
        0x73B => 220,
        0x73C => 220,
        0x73E => 220,
        0x742 => 220,
        0x744 => 220,
        0x746 => 220,
        0x748 => 220,
        0x952 => 220,
        0xF18 => 220,
        0xF19 => 220,
        0xF35 => 220,
        0xF37 => 220,
        0xFC6 => 220,
        0x193B => 220,
        0x20E8 => 220,
        0x1D17B => 220,
        0x1D17C => 220,
        0x1D17D => 220,
        0x1D17E => 220,
        0x1D17F => 220,
        0x1D180 => 220,
        0x1D181 => 220,
        0x1D182 => 220,
        0x1D18A => 220,
        0x1D18B => 220,
        0x59A => 222,
        0x5AD => 222,
        0x1929 => 222,
        0x302D => 222,
        0x302E => 224,
        0x302F => 224,
        0x1D16D => 226,
        0x5AE => 228,
        0x18A9 => 228,
        0x302B => 228,
        0x300 => 230,
        0x301 => 230,
        0x302 => 230,
        0x303 => 230,
        0x304 => 230,
        0x305 => 230,
        0x306 => 230,
        0x307 => 230,
        0x308 => 230,
        0x309 => 230,
        0x30A => 230,
        0x30B => 230,
        0x30C => 230,
        0x30D => 230,
        0x30E => 230,
        0x30F => 230,
        0x310 => 230,
        0x311 => 230,
        0x312 => 230,
        0x313 => 230,
        0x314 => 230,
        0x33D => 230,
        0x33E => 230,
        0x33F => 230,
        0x340 => 230,
        0x341 => 230,
        0x342 => 230,
        0x343 => 230,
        0x344 => 230,
        0x346 => 230,
        0x34A => 230,
        0x34B => 230,
        0x34C => 230,
        0x350 => 230,
        0x351 => 230,
        0x352 => 230,
        0x357 => 230,
        0x363 => 230,
        0x364 => 230,
        0x365 => 230,
        0x366 => 230,
        0x367 => 230,
        0x368 => 230,
        0x369 => 230,
        0x36A => 230,
        0x36B => 230,
        0x36C => 230,
        0x36D => 230,
        0x36E => 230,
        0x36F => 230,
        0x483 => 230,
        0x484 => 230,
        0x485 => 230,
        0x486 => 230,
        0x592 => 230,
        0x593 => 230,
        0x594 => 230,
        0x595 => 230,
        0x597 => 230,
        0x598 => 230,
        0x599 => 230,
        0x59C => 230,
        0x59D => 230,
        0x59E => 230,
        0x59F => 230,
        0x5A0 => 230,
        0x5A1 => 230,
        0x5A8 => 230,
        0x5A9 => 230,
        0x5AB => 230,
        0x5AC => 230,
        0x5AF => 230,
        0x5C4 => 230,
        0x610 => 230,
        0x611 => 230,
        0x612 => 230,
        0x613 => 230,
        0x614 => 230,
        0x615 => 230,
        0x653 => 230,
        0x654 => 230,
        0x657 => 230,
        0x658 => 230,
        0x6D6 => 230,
        0x6D7 => 230,
        0x6D8 => 230,
        0x6D9 => 230,
        0x6DA => 230,
        0x6DB => 230,
        0x6DC => 230,
        0x6DF => 230,
        0x6E0 => 230,
        0x6E1 => 230,
        0x6E2 => 230,
        0x6E4 => 230,
        0x6E7 => 230,
        0x6E8 => 230,
        0x6EB => 230,
        0x6EC => 230,
        0x730 => 230,
        0x732 => 230,
        0x733 => 230,
        0x735 => 230,
        0x736 => 230,
        0x73A => 230,
        0x73D => 230,
        0x73F => 230,
        0x740 => 230,
        0x741 => 230,
        0x743 => 230,
        0x745 => 230,
        0x747 => 230,
        0x749 => 230,
        0x74A => 230,
        0x951 => 230,
        0x953 => 230,
        0x954 => 230,
        0xF82 => 230,
        0xF83 => 230,
        0xF86 => 230,
        0xF87 => 230,
        0x170D => 230,
        0x193A => 230,
        0x20D0 => 230,
        0x20D1 => 230,
        0x20D4 => 230,
        0x20D5 => 230,
        0x20D6 => 230,
        0x20D7 => 230,
        0x20DB => 230,
        0x20DC => 230,
        0x20E1 => 230,
        0x20E7 => 230,
        0x20E9 => 230,
        0xFE20 => 230,
        0xFE21 => 230,
        0xFE22 => 230,
        0xFE23 => 230,
        0x1D185 => 230,
        0x1D186 => 230,
        0x1D187 => 230,
        0x1D189 => 230,
        0x1D188 => 230,
        0x1D1AA => 230,
        0x1D1AB => 230,
        0x1D1AC => 230,
        0x1D1AD => 230,
        0x315 => 232,
        0x31A => 232,
        0x302C => 232,
        0x35F => 233,
        0x362 => 233,
        0x35D => 234,
        0x35E => 234,
        0x360 => 234,
        0x361 => 234,
        0x345 => 240
    ];
    // }}}

    // {{{ properties
    /**
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    private $_punycode_prefix = 'xn--';

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_invalid_ucs = 0x80000000;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_max_ucs = 0x10FFFF;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_base = 36;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tmin = 1;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tmax = 26;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_skew = 38;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_damp = 700;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_initial_bias = 72;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_initial_n = 0x80;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_slast;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_sbase = 0xAC00;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_lbase = 0x1100;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_vbase = 0x1161;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tbase = 0x11a7;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_lcount = 19;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_vcount = 21;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tcount = 28;

    /**
     * vcount * tcount
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_ncount = 588;

    /**
     * lcount * tcount * vcount
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_scount = 11172;

    /**
     * Default encoding for encode()'s input and decode()'s output is UTF-8;
     * Other possible encodings are ucs4_string and ucs4_array
     * See {@link setParams()} for how to select these
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_api_encoding = 'utf8';

    /**
     * Overlong UTF-8 encodings are forbidden
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_allow_overlong = false;

    /**
     * Behave strict or not
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_strict_mode = false;

    /**
     * IDNA-version to use
     *
     * Values are "2003" and "2008".
     * Defaults to "2003", since that was the original version and for
     * compatibility with previous versions of this library.
     * If you need to encode "new" characters like the German "Eszett",
     * please switch to 2008 first before encoding.
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_version = '2003';

    /**
     * Cached value indicating whether or not mbstring function overloading is
     * on for strlen
     *
     * This is cached for optimal performance.
     *
     * @var boolean
     * @see Net_IDNA2::_byteLength()
     */
    private static $_mb_string_overload = null;
    // }}}


    // {{{ constructor
    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param array|null $options Options to initialise the object with
     *
     * @access public
     * @see    setParams()
     */
    public function __construct($options = null)
    {
        $this->_slast = $this->_sbase + $this->_lcount * $this->_vcount * $this->_tcount;

        if (is_array($options)) {
            $this->setParams($options);
        }

        // populate mbstring overloading cache if not set
        if (self::$_mb_string_overload === null) {
            self::$_mb_string_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring')
                && (ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') & 0x02) === 0x02);
        }
    }
    // }}}


    /**
     * Sets a new option value. Available options and values:
     *
     * [utf8 -     Use either UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1 as input (true for UTF-8, false
     *             otherwise); The output is always UTF-8]
     * [overlong - Unicode does not allow unnecessarily long encodings of chars,
     *             to allow this, set this parameter to true, else to false;
     *             default is false.]
     * [strict -   true: strict mode, good for registration purposes - Causes errors
     *             on failures; false: loose mode, ideal for "wildlife" applications
     *             by silently ignoring errors and returning the original input instead]
     *
     * @param mixed $option Parameter to set (string: single parameter; array of Parameter => Value pairs)
     * @param string|false $value Value to use (if parameter 1 is a string)
     *
     * @return bool       true on success, false otherwise
     * @access public
     */
    public function setParams($option, $value = false): bool
    {
        if (!is_array($option)) {
            $option = [$option => $value];
        }

        foreach ($option as $k => $v) {
            switch ($k) {
                case 'encoding':
                    switch ($v) {
                        case 'utf8':
                        case 'ucs4_string':
                        case 'ucs4_array':
                            $this->_api_encoding = $v;
                            break;

                        default:
                            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Unknown parameter ' . $v . ' for option ' . $k);
                    }

                    break;

                case 'overlong':
                    $this->_allow_overlong = ($v) ? true : false;
                    break;

                case 'strict':
                    $this->_strict_mode = ($v) ? true : false;
                    break;

                case 'version':
                    if (in_array($v, ['2003', '2008'])) {
                        $this->_version = $v;
                    } else {
                        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Invalid parameter ' . $v . ' for option ' . $k);
                    }
                    break;

                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Encode a given UTF-8 domain name.
     *
     * @param string $decoded Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4)
     * @param string|false $one_time_encoding Desired input encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
     *                                  If not given will use default-encoding
     *
     * @return mixed Encoded Domain name (ACE string) / processed string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access public
     */
    public function encode(string $decoded, $one_time_encoding = false)
    {
        // Forcing conversion of input to UCS4 array
        // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
        switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
            case 'utf8':
                $decoded = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($decoded);
                break;
            case 'ucs4_string':
                $decoded = $this->_ucs4_string_to_ucs4($decoded);
            // no break
            case 'ucs4_array':
                break;
            default:
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported input format');
        }

        // No input, no output, what else did you expect?
        if (empty($decoded)) {
            return '';
        }

        // Anchors for iteration
        $last_begin = 0;
        // Output string
        $output = '';

        foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
            // Make sure to use just the plain dot
            switch ($v) {
                case 0x3002:
                case 0xFF0E:
                case 0xFF61:
                    $decoded[$k] = 0x2E;
                // It's right, no break here
                // The codepoints above have to be converted to dots anyway

                // Stumbling across an anchoring character
                // no break
                case 0x2E:
                case 0x2F:
                case 0x3A:
                case 0x3F:
                case 0x40:
                    // Neither email addresses nor URLs allowed in strict mode
                    if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Neither email addresses nor URLs are allowed in strict mode.');
                    }
                    // Skip first char
                    if ($k) {
                        $encoded = '';
                        $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k) - $last_begin)));
                        if ($encoded) {
                            $output .= $encoded;
                        } else {
                            $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k) - $last_begin)));
                        }
                        $output .= chr($decoded[$k]);
                    }
                    $last_begin = $k + 1;
            }
        }
        // Catch the rest of the string
        if ($last_begin) {
            $inp_len = sizeof($decoded);
            $encoded = '';
            $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len) - $last_begin)));
            if ($encoded) {
                $output .= $encoded;
            } else {
                $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len) - $last_begin)));
            }
            return $output;
        }

        if ($output = $this->_encode($decoded)) {
            return $output;
        }

        return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
    }

    /**
     * Decode a given ACE domain name.
     *
     * @param string $input Domain name (ACE string)
     * @param string|false $one_time_encoding Desired output encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
     *
     * @return mixed                   Decoded Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4) / processed string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access public
     */
    public function decode(string $input, $one_time_encoding = false)
    {
        // Optionally set
        if ($one_time_encoding) {
            switch ($one_time_encoding) {
                case 'utf8':
                case 'ucs4_string':
                case 'ucs4_array':
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unknown encoding ' . $one_time_encoding);
            }
        }
        // Make sure to drop any newline characters around
        $input = trim($input);

        // Negotiate input and try to determine, whether it is a plain string,
        // an email address or something like a complete URL
        if (strpos($input, '@')) { // Maybe it is an email address
            // No no in strict mode
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
            }
            list($email_pref, $input) = explode('@', $input, 2);
            $arr = explode('.', $input);
            foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                if ($conv) {
                    $arr[$k] = $conv;
                }
            }
            $return = $email_pref . '@' . join('.', $arr);
        } elseif (preg_match('![:\./]!', $input)) { // Or a complete domain name (with or without paths / parameters)
            // No no in strict mode
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
            }

            $parsed = parse_url($input);
            if (isset($parsed['host'])) {
                $arr = explode('.', $parsed['host']);
                foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                    $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                    if ($conv) {
                        $arr[$k] = $conv;
                    }
                }
                $parsed['host'] = join('.', $arr);
                if (isset($parsed['scheme'])) {
                    $parsed['scheme'] .= (strtolower($parsed['scheme']) == 'mailto') ? ':' : '://';
                }
                $return = $this->_unparse_url($parsed);
            } else { // parse_url seems to have failed, try without it
                $arr = explode('.', $input);
                foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                    $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                    if ($conv) {
                        $arr[$k] = $conv;
                    }
                }
                $return = join('.', $arr);
            }
        } else { // Otherwise we consider it being a pure domain name string
            $return = $this->_decode($input);
        }
        // The output is UTF-8 by default, other output formats need conversion here
        // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
        switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
            case 'utf8':
                return $return;
                break;
            case 'ucs4_string':
                return $this->_ucs4_to_ucs4_string($this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return));
                break;
            case 'ucs4_array':
                return $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return);
                break;
            default:
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported output format');
        }
    }


    // {{{ private

    /**
     * Opposite function to parse_url()
     *
     * Inspired by code from comments of php.net-documentation for parse_url()
     *
     * @param array $parts_arr parts (strings) as returned by parse_url()
     *
     * @return string
     * @access private
     */
    private function _unparse_url(array $parts_arr): string
    {
        if (!empty($parts_arr['scheme'])) {
            $ret_url = $parts_arr['scheme'];
        }
        if (!empty($parts_arr['user'])) {
            $ret_url .= $parts_arr['user'];
            if (!empty($parts_arr['pass'])) {
                $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['pass'];
            }
            $ret_url .= '@';
        }
        $ret_url .= $parts_arr['host'];
        if (!empty($parts_arr['port'])) {
            $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['port'];
        }
        $ret_url .= $parts_arr['path'];
        if (!empty($parts_arr['query'])) {
            $ret_url .= '?' . $parts_arr['query'];
        }
        if (!empty($parts_arr['fragment'])) {
            $ret_url .= '#' . $parts_arr['fragment'];
        }
        return $ret_url;
    }

    /**
     * The actual encoding algorithm.
     *
     * @param array of strings $decoded Decoded string which should be encoded
     *
     * @return string         Encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _encode($decoded): string
    {
        // We cannot encode a domain name containing the Punycode prefix
        $extract = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix);
        $check_pref = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($this->_punycode_prefix);
        $check_deco = array_slice($decoded, 0, $extract);

        if ($check_pref == $check_deco) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('This is already a punycode string');
        }

        // We will not try to encode strings consisting of basic code points only
        $encodable = false;
        foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
            if ($v > 0x7a) {
                $encodable = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!$encodable) {
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('The given string does not contain encodable chars');
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Do NAMEPREP
        $decoded = $this->_nameprep($decoded);

        $deco_len = count($decoded);

        // Empty array
        if (!$deco_len) {
            return false;
        }

        // How many chars have been consumed
        $codecount = 0;

        // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
        $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix;

        $encoded = '';
        // Copy all basic code points to output
        for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; ++$i) {
            $test = $decoded[$i];
            // Will match [0-9a-zA-Z-]
            if ((0x2F < $test && $test < 0x40)
                || (0x40 < $test && $test < 0x5B)
                || (0x60 < $test && $test <= 0x7B)
                || (0x2D == $test)
            ) {
                $encoded .= chr($decoded[$i]);
                $codecount++;
            }
        }

        // All codepoints were basic ones
        if ($codecount == $deco_len) {
            return $encoded;
        }

        // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
        $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix . $encoded;

        // If we have basic code points in output, add an hyphen to the end
        if ($codecount) {
            $encoded .= '-';
        }

        // Now find and encode all non-basic code points
        $is_first = true;
        $cur_code = $this->_initial_n;
        $bias = $this->_initial_bias;
        $delta = 0;

        while ($codecount < $deco_len) {
            // Find the smallest code point >= the current code point and
            // remember the last ouccrence of it in the input
            for ($i = 0, $next_code = $this->_max_ucs; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                if ($decoded[$i] >= $cur_code && $decoded[$i] <= $next_code) {
                    $next_code = $decoded[$i];
                }
            }

            $delta += ($next_code - $cur_code) * ($codecount + 1);
            $cur_code = $next_code;

            // Scan input again and encode all characters whose code point is $cur_code
            for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                if ($decoded[$i] < $cur_code) {
                    $delta++;
                } elseif ($decoded[$i] == $cur_code) {
                    for ($q = $delta, $k = $this->_base; 1; $k += $this->_base) {
                        $t = ($k <= $bias) ?
                            $this->_tmin :
                            (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax) ? $this->_tmax : $k - $bias);

                        if ($q < $t) {
                            break;
                        }

                        $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit(ceil($t + (($q - $t) % ($this->_base - $t))));
                        $q = ($q - $t) / ($this->_base - $t);
                    }

                    $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit($q);
                    $bias = $this->_adapt($delta, $codecount + 1, $is_first);
                    $codecount++;
                    $delta = 0;
                    $is_first = false;
                }
            }

            $delta++;
            $cur_code++;
        }

        return $encoded;
    }

    /**
     * The actual decoding algorithm.
     *
     * @param string $encoded Encoded string which should be decoded
     *
     * @return string         Decoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _decode($encoded): string
    {
        // We do need to find the Punycode prefix
        if (!preg_match('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', $encoded)) {
            return false;
        }

        $encode_test = preg_replace('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', '', $encoded);

        // If nothing left after removing the prefix, it is hopeless
        if (!$encode_test) {
            return false;
        }

        // Find last occurrence of the delimiter
        $delim_pos = strrpos($encoded, '-');

        if ($delim_pos > self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix)) {
            for ($k = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix); $k < $delim_pos; ++$k) {
                $decoded[] = ord($encoded{$k});
            }
        } else {
            $decoded = [];
        }

        $deco_len = count($decoded);
        $enco_len = self::_byteLength($encoded);

        // Wandering through the strings; init
        $is_first = true;
        $bias = $this->_initial_bias;
        $idx = 0;
        $char = $this->_initial_n;

        for ($enco_idx = ($delim_pos) ? ($delim_pos + 1) : 0; $enco_idx < $enco_len; ++$deco_len) {
            for ($old_idx = $idx, $w = 1, $k = $this->_base; 1; $k += $this->_base) {
                $digit = $this->_decodeDigit($encoded{$enco_idx++});
                $idx += $digit * $w;

                $t = ($k <= $bias) ?
                    $this->_tmin :
                    (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax) ? $this->_tmax : ($k - $bias));

                if ($digit < $t) {
                    break;
                }

                $w = (int)($w * ($this->_base - $t));
            }

            $bias = $this->_adapt($idx - $old_idx, $deco_len + 1, $is_first);
            $is_first = false;
            $char += (int)($idx / ($deco_len + 1));
            $idx %= ($deco_len + 1);

            if ($deco_len > 0) {
                // Make room for the decoded char
                for ($i = $deco_len; $i > $idx; $i--) {
                    $decoded[$i] = $decoded[($i - 1)];
                }
            }

            $decoded[$idx++] = $char;
        }

        return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
    }

    /**
     * Adapt the bias according to the current code point and position.
     *
     * @param int $delta ...
     * @param int $npoints ...
     * @param bool $is_first ...
     *
     * @return int
     * @access private
     */
    private function _adapt(int $delta, int $npoints, bool $is_first): int
    {
        $delta = (int)($is_first ? ($delta / $this->_damp) : ($delta / 2));
        $delta += (int)($delta / $npoints);

        for ($k = 0; $delta > (($this->_base - $this->_tmin) * $this->_tmax) / 2; $k += $this->_base) {
            $delta = (int)($delta / ($this->_base - $this->_tmin));
        }

        return (int)($k + ($this->_base - $this->_tmin + 1) * $delta / ($delta + $this->_skew));
    }

    /**
     * Encoding a certain digit.
     *
     * @param int $d One digit to encode
     *
     * @return string (char)  Encoded digit
     * @access private
     */
    private function _encodeDigit(int $d): string
    {
        return chr($d + 22 + 75 * ($d < 26));
    }

    /**
     * Decode a certain digit.
     *
     * @param string (char) $cp One digit (character) to decode
     *
     * @return int     Decoded digit
     * @access private
     */
    private function _decodeDigit(string $cp): int
    {
        $cp = ord($cp);
        return ($cp - 48 < 10) ? $cp - 22 : (($cp - 65 < 26) ? $cp - 65 : (($cp - 97 < 26) ? $cp - 97 : $this->_base));
    }

    /**
     * Do Nameprep according to RFC3491 and RFC3454.
     *
     * @param array $input Unicode Characters
     *
     * @return array of strings      Unicode Characters, Nameprep'd
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _nameprep(array $input): array
    {
        $output = [];

        // Walking through the input array, performing the required steps on each of
        // the input chars and putting the result into the output array
        // While mapping required chars we apply the canonical ordering

        foreach ($input as $v) {
            // Map to nothing == skip that code point
            if (in_array($v, self::$_np_map_nothing)) {
                continue;
            }

            // Try to find prohibited input
            if (in_array($v, self::$_np_prohibit) || in_array($v, self::$_general_prohibited)) {
                throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
            }

            foreach (self::$_np_prohibit_ranges as $range) {
                if ($range[0] <= $v && $v <= $range[1]) {
                    throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
                }
            }

            // Hangul syllable decomposition
            if (0xAC00 <= $v && $v <= 0xD7AF) {
                foreach ($this->_hangulDecompose($v) as $out) {
                    $output[] = $out;
                }
            } elseif (($this->_version == '2003') && isset(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v])) {
                // There's a decomposition mapping for that code point
                // Decompositions only in version 2003 (original) of IDNA
                foreach ($this->_applyCannonicalOrdering(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v]) as $out) {
                    $output[] = $out;
                }
            } else {
                $output[] = $v;
            }
        }

        // Combine code points

        $last_class = 0;
        $last_starter = 0;
        $out_len = count($output);

        for ($i = 0; $i < $out_len; ++$i) {
            $class = $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i]);

            if ((!$last_class || $last_class != $class) && $class) {
                // Try to match
                $seq_len = $i - $last_starter;
                $out = $this->_combine(array_slice($output, $last_starter, $seq_len));

                // On match: Replace the last starter with the composed character and remove
                // the now redundant non-starter(s)
                if ($out) {
                    $output[$last_starter] = $out;

                    if (count($out) != $seq_len) {
                        for ($j = $i + 1; $j < $out_len; ++$j) {
                            $output[$j - 1] = $output[$j];
                        }

                        unset($output[$out_len]);
                    }

                    // Rewind the for loop by one, since there can be more possible compositions
                    $i--;
                    $out_len--;
                    $last_class = ($i == $last_starter) ? 0 : $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i - 1]);

                    continue;
                }
            }

            // The current class is 0
            if (!$class) {
                $last_starter = $i;
            }

            $last_class = $class;
        }

        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Decomposes a Hangul syllable
     * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
     *
     * @param int $char 32bit UCS4 code point
     *
     * @return array        Either Hangul Syllable decomposed or original 32bit
     *                      value as one value array
     * @access private
     */
    private function _hangulDecompose(int $char): array
    {
        $sindex = $char - $this->_sbase;

        if ($sindex < 0 || $sindex >= $this->_scount) {
            return [$char];
        }

        $result = [];
        $T = $this->_tbase + $sindex % $this->_tcount;
        $result[] = (int)($this->_lbase + $sindex / $this->_ncount);
        $result[] = (int)($this->_vbase + ($sindex % $this->_ncount) / $this->_tcount);

        if ($T != $this->_tbase) {
            $result[] = $T;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Ccomposes a Hangul syllable
     * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
     *
     * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
     *
     * @return array       UCS4 sequence with syllables composed
     * @access private
     */
    private function _hangulCompose(array $input): array
    {
        $inp_len = count($input);

        if (!$inp_len) {
            return [];
        }

        $result = [];
        $last = $input[0];
        $result[] = $last; // copy first char from input to output

        for ($i = 1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
            $char = $input[$i];

            // Find out, wether two current characters from L and V
            $lindex = $last - $this->_lbase;

            if (0 <= $lindex && $lindex < $this->_lcount) {
                $vindex = $char - $this->_vbase;

                if (0 <= $vindex && $vindex < $this->_vcount) {
                    // create syllable of form LV
                    $last = ($this->_sbase + ($lindex * $this->_vcount + $vindex) * $this->_tcount);
                    $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                    $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last

                    // discard char
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // Find out, wether two current characters are LV and T
            $sindex = $last - $this->_sbase;

            if (0 <= $sindex && $sindex < $this->_scount && ($sindex % $this->_tcount) == 0) {
                $tindex = $char - $this->_tbase;

                if (0 <= $tindex && $tindex <= $this->_tcount) {
                    // create syllable of form LVT
                    $last += $tindex;
                    $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                    $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last

                    // discard char
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // if neither case was true, just add the character
            $last = $char;
            $result[] = $char;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the combining class of a certain wide char.
     *
     * @param integer $char Wide char to check (32bit integer)
     *
     * @return int      Combining class if found, else 0
     * @access private
     */
    private function _getCombiningClass(int $char): int
    {
        return isset(self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char]) ? self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char] : 0;
    }

    /**
     * Apllies the canonical ordering of a decomposed UCS4 sequence.
     *
     * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
     *
     * @return array       Ordered USC4 sequence
     * @access private
     */
    private function _applyCannonicalOrdering(array $input): array
    {
        $swap = true;
        $size = count($input);

        while ($swap) {
            $swap = false;
            $last = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[0]);

            for ($i = 0; $i < $size - 1; ++$i) {
                $next = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[$i + 1]);

                if ($next != 0 && $last > $next) {
                    // Move item leftward until it fits
                    for ($j = $i + 1; $j > 0; --$j) {
                        if ($this->_getCombiningClass($input[$j - 1]) <= $next) {
                            break;
                        }

                        $t = $input[$j];
                        $input[$j] = $input[$j - 1];
                        $input[$j - 1] = $t;
                        $swap = 1;
                    }

                    // Reentering the loop looking at the old character again
                    $next = $last;
                }

                $last = $next;
            }
        }

        return $input;
    }

    /**
     * Do composition of a sequence of starter and non-starter.
     *
     * @param array $input UCS4 Decomposed sequence
     *
     * @return array|false       Ordered USC4 sequence
     * @access private
     */
    private function _combine($input)
    {
        $inp_len = count($input);

        // Is it a Hangul syllable?
        if (1 != $inp_len) {
            $hangul = $this->_hangulCompose($input);

            // This place is probably wrong
            if (count($hangul) != $inp_len) {
                return $hangul;
            }
        }

        foreach (self::$_np_replacemaps as $np_src => $np_target) {
            if ($np_target[0] != $input[0]) {
                continue;
            }

            if (count($np_target) != $inp_len) {
                continue;
            }

            $hit = false;

            foreach ($input as $k2 => $v2) {
                if ($v2 == $np_target[$k2]) {
                    $hit = true;
                } else {
                    $hit = false;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if ($hit) {
                return $np_src;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * This converts an UTF-8 encoded string to its UCS-4 (array) representation
     * By talking about UCS-4 we mean arrays of 32bit integers representing
     * each of the "chars". This is due to PHP not being able to handle strings with
     * bit depth different from 8. This applies to the reverse method _ucs4_to_utf8(), too.
     * The following UTF-8 encodings are supported:
     *
     * bytes bits  representation
     * 1        7  0xxxxxxx
     * 2       11  110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 3       16  1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 4       21  11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 5       26  111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 6       31  1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     *
     * Each x represents a bit that can be used to store character data.
     *
     * @param string $input utf8-encoded string
     *
     * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _utf8_to_ucs4(string $input): array
    {
        $output = [];
        $out_len = 0;
        $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input, '8bit');
        $mode = 'next';
        $test = 'none';
        for ($k = 0; $k < $inp_len; ++$k) {
            $v = ord($input{$k}); // Extract byte from input string

            if ($v < 128) { // We found an ASCII char - put into string as is
                $output[$out_len] = $v;
                ++$out_len;
                if ('add' == $mode) {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte ' . $k);
                }
                continue;
            }
            if ('next' == $mode) { // Try to find the next start byte; determine the width of the Unicode char
                $start_byte = $v;
                $mode = 'add';
                $test = 'range';
                if ($v >> 5 == 6) { // &110xxxxx 10xxxxx
                    $next_byte = 0; // Tells, how many times subsequent bitmasks must rotate 6bits to the left
                    $v = ($v - 192) << 6;
                } elseif ($v >> 4 == 14) { // &1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 1;
                    $v = ($v - 224) << 12;
                } elseif ($v >> 3 == 30) { // &11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 2;
                    $v = ($v - 240) << 18;
                } elseif ($v >> 2 == 62) { // &111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 3;
                    $v = ($v - 248) << 24;
                } elseif ($v >> 1 == 126) { // &1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 4;
                    $v = ($v - 252) << 30;
                } else {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('This might be UTF-8, but I don\'t understand it at byte ' . $k);
                }
                if ('add' == $mode) {
                    $output[$out_len] = (int)$v;
                    ++$out_len;
                    continue;
                }
            }
            if ('add' == $mode) {
                if (!$this->_allow_overlong && $test == 'range') {
                    $test = 'none';
                    if (($v < 0xA0 && $start_byte == 0xE0) || ($v < 0x90 && $start_byte == 0xF0) || ($v > 0x8F && $start_byte == 0xF4)) {
                        throw new OutOfRangeException('Bogus UTF-8 character detected (out of legal range) at byte ' . $k);
                    }
                }
                if ($v >> 6 == 2) { // Bit mask must be 10xxxxxx
                    $v = ($v - 128) << ($next_byte * 6);
                    $output[($out_len - 1)] += $v;
                    --$next_byte;
                } else {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte ' . $k);
                }
                if ($next_byte < 0) {
                    $mode = 'next';
                }
            }
        } // for
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 array into UTF-8 string
     *
     * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
     *
     * @return string      utf8-encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_to_utf8(array $input): string
    {
        $output = '';

        foreach ($input as $v) {
            // $v = ord($v);

            if ($v < 128) {
                // 7bit are transferred literally
                $output .= chr($v);
            } elseif ($v < 1 << 11) {
                // 2 bytes
                $output .= chr(192 + ($v >> 6))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } elseif ($v < 1 << 16) {
                // 3 bytes
                $output .= chr(224 + ($v >> 12))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } elseif ($v < 1 << 21) {
                // 4 bytes
                $output .= chr(240 + ($v >> 18))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } elseif ($v < 1 << 26) {
                // 5 bytes
                $output .= chr(248 + ($v >> 24))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } elseif ($v < 1 << 31) {
                // 6 bytes
                $output .= chr(252 + ($v >> 30))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 24) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else {
                throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UCS-4 to UTF-8 failed: malformed input');
            }
        }

        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 array into UCS-4 string
     *
     * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
     *
     * @return string      ucs4-encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_to_ucs4_string(array $input): string
    {
        $output = '';
        // Take array values and split output to 4 bytes per value
        // The bit mask is 255, which reads &11111111
        foreach ($input as $v) {
            $output .= ($v & (255 << 24) >> 24) . ($v & (255 << 16) >> 16) . ($v & (255 << 8) >> 8) . ($v & 255);
        }
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 string into UCS-4 array
     *
     * @param string $input ucs4-encoded string
     *
     * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_string_to_ucs4(string $input): array
    {
        $output = [];

        $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input);
        // Input length must be dividable by 4
        if ($inp_len % 4) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Input UCS4 string is broken');
        }

        // Empty input - return empty output
        if (!$inp_len) {
            return $output;
        }

        for ($i = 0, $out_len = -1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
            // Increment output position every 4 input bytes
            if (!$i % 4) {
                $out_len++;
                $output[$out_len] = 0;
            }
            $output[$out_len] += ord($input{$i}) << (8 * (3 - ($i % 4)));
        }
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Echo hex representation of UCS4 sequence.
     *
     * @param array $input UCS4 sequence
     * @param bool $include_bit Include bitmask in output
     *
     * @return void
     * @static
     * @access private
     */
    private static function _showHex(array $input, bool $include_bit = false): void
    {
        foreach ($input as $k => $v) {
            echo '[', $k, '] => ', sprintf('%X', $v);

            if ($include_bit) {
                echo ' (', Net_IDNA2::_showBitmask($v), ')';
            }

            echo "\n";
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gives you a bit representation of given Byte (8 bits), Word (16 bits) or DWord (32 bits)
     * Output width is automagically determined
     *
     * @param int $octet ...
     *
     * @return string    Bitmask-representation
     * @static
     * @access private
     */
    private static function _showBitmask(int $octet): string
    {
        if ($octet >= (1 << 16)) {
            $w = 31;
        } elseif ($octet >= (1 << 8)) {
            $w = 15;
        } else {
            $w = 7;
        }

        $return = '';

        for ($i = $w; $i > -1; $i--) {
            $return .= ($octet & (1 << $i)) ? '1' : '0';
        }

        return $return;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the length of a string in bytes even if mbstring function
     * overloading is turned on
     *
     * @param string $string the string for which to get the length.
     * @param string $encoding [optional] &mbstring.encoding.parameter;
     *
     * @return int the length of the string in bytes.
     *
     * @see Net_IDNA2::$_mb_string_overload
     */
    private static function _byteLength(string $string, string $encoding = '8bit'): int
    {
        if (self::$_mb_string_overload) {
            return mb_strlen($string, $encoding);
        }
        return strlen((binary)$string);
    }

    // }}}}

    // {{{ factory
    /**
     * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5.
     *
     * @param array $params Set of paramaters
     *
     * @return Net_IDNA2
     * @access public
     */
    public static function getInstance(array $params = []): Net_IDNA2
    {
        return new Net_IDNA2($params);
    }
    // }}}

    // {{{ singleton
    /**
     * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5,
     * only creating a new instance if no IDNA instance with the same
     * parameters currently exists.
     *
     * @param array $params Set of parameters
     *
     * @return Net_IDNA2
     * @access public
     */
    public static function singleton(array $params = []): Net_IDNA2
    {
        static $instances;
        if (!isset($instances)) {
            $instances = [];
        }

        $signature = serialize($params);
        if (!isset($instances[$signature])) {
            $instances[$signature] = Net_IDNA2::getInstance($params);
        }

        return $instances[$signature];
    }
    // }}}
}