gpsd/www/NMEA.adoc

= NMEA Revealed =
:description: A programmer's guide to NMEA0183, the GPS protocol reporting standard
:keywords: NMEA0183, GPS, standard, protocol
Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
v2.23, Mar 2019

NMEA 0183 is a proprietary protocol issued by the National Marine
Electronics Association for use in boat navigation and control
systems.  Because early GPS sensors were designed for compatibility
with these systems, GPS reporting protocols are often a small
subset of NMEA 0183 or mutated from such as subset.  AIS, the
Marine Automatic Identification system, also uses NMEA0183-like
packet formats.

This document is a list of NMEA 0183 sentences with field descriptions.
It is primarily intended to help people understand GPS reports, but
also exists because the author finds life-critical protocols with
only closed/proprietary documentation deeply offensive.

The master of this document is in asciidoc format at the GPSD project
website; you are probably seeing it as a web page.  You may encounter
versions of it, in plain ASCII, that do not have a revision number and
do not list an editor. These are older and should be considered
obsolescent.

== Sources and Applicable Standards ==

This collection may originally have been redacted from the document
cited as <<BETKE>>; see the list of sources at the end of this
document.  The official NMEA 0183 standard was not consulted at any
point, thus this document is not a derivative work of that standard
and is not controlled by the rapacious lawyers of NMEA.

It appears there is an international standard, IEC 61162-1, published
in 2000, that is essentially NMEA 0183.  <<IEC61162-1>> says it "is closely
aligned with NMEA 0183 version 2.30".  Unfortunately, it costs money
and is not redistributable.

This collection of sentences is originally from the gpsdrive
distribution, but adds more information on the following topics:

* Old and new forms of VTG
* Units used in GGA
* Vendor extensions PRWIZCH and PMGNST
* FAA Mode Indicator field for RMC, RMB, VTG, GLL, BWC, XTE.
* New documentation on BWC, DTM, GBS, GNS, GRS, GST, MSK, and MSS sentences.
* Sentence examples merged from <<GIDS>>
* Sentence explanations from <<GIDS>> and elsewhere
* Corrected badly mangled ZDA description.
* Corrected DPT titling
* Common talker IDs
* Sentences HFB, ITS, TPC, TDS, TFI, TPC, TPR, TPT from GLOBALSAT.
* Sentence PASHR from <<PASHR>>.
* Satellite IDs: PRN vs NMEA-ID.
* Error status indications.

== Relationship to NMEA 2000 ==

Recently the National Marine Electronics Association has attempted to
replace NMEA 0183 with a very differently structured protocol named
NMEA 2000.  It is binary rather than textual, a profile or
interpretation of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol used in
automotive networking. Unlike NMEA 0183 it is frame-based and cannot
be transmitted over serial links.

While newer marine electronics uses this protocol, general-purpose
GPSes have not adopted it.  Thus we do not attempt to document NMEA
2000 here; see <<CANBUS>>, <<NMEA2000>>, and <<KEVERSOFT>> instead.

== NMEA version timeline ==

|========================================================================
|NMEA 2.00 | January 1992
|NMEA 2.01 | August 1994
|NMEA 2.10 | October 1995
|NMEA 2.20 | January 1997
|NMEA 2.30 | March 1998
|NMEA 3.00 | July 2000
|NMEA 3.01 | January 2002
|NMEA 4.00 | November 2008
|NMEA 4.10 | July 2012
|========================================================================

No version earlier than 2.00 is listed or archived on the NMEA website.

The NMEA 4.00 standard states, provocatively, that it is "in theory"
backwards compatible to 2.00, and that versions before 2.00 are not
forward-compatible <<ANON>>.

== NMEA 0183 physical protocol layer ==

The NMEA specification requires a physical-level protocol compatible
with RS422 at 4800bps, 8N1 or 7N2.  It is RS422 rather than RS232
because NMEA expects many navigational devices to feed a common serial
bus.  The data encoding is ASCII with the high data bit not used and
zeroed.

Consumer-grade GPS sensors normally report over an RS232 port or a USB
port emulating an RS232 serial device; some use Bluetooth. Baud rate
is variable, with 9600 probably the most common.  Most devices use
8N1; there are rare exceptions that use 7N2 (San Jose Navigation) or
even 8O1 (Trimble).

== Sentence Mixes and NMEA Variations ==

Most GPS sensors emit only RMC, GSA, GSV, GLL, VTG, and (rarely) ZDA.
Newer ones conforming to NMEA 3.x may emit GBS as well. Other NMEA
sentences are usually only emitted by high-end maritime navigation
systems.

The form of VTG is incompatibly variable with NMEA version. See
the detailed description of that sentence for details.

In NMEA 2.3, several sentences (APB, BWC, BWR, GLL, RMA, RMB, RMC,
VTG, WCV, and XTE) got a new last field carrying the signal integrity
information needed by the FAA.  (The values in the GGA mode field were
extended to carry this information as well.) Here are the values:

FAA Mode Indicator
     A = Autonomous mode
     D = Differential Mode
     E = Estimated (dead-reckoning) mode
     F = RTK Float mode
     M = Manual Input Mode
     N = Data Not Valid
     P = Precise (4.00 and later)
     R = RTK Integer mode
     S = Simulated Mode

This field may be empty.  In pre-2.3 versions it is omitted. <<NTUM>> says
that according to the NMEA specification, it dominates the Status field --
the Status field will be set to "A" (data valid) for Mode Indicators A
and D, and to "V" (data invalid) for all other values of the Mode
Indicator.  This is confirmed by <<IEC>>.

In NMEA 3.0, the GBS sentence reports a complete set of error estimates. Note
however that many receivers claiming to emit "3.0" or "3.01" don't
actually ship this sentence.

== NMEA Encoding Conventions ==

Data is transmitted in serial async, 1 start-bit, 8 data-bits,
1 stop-bit, no parity.  Data-bits are in least-significant-bit
order.  The standard specifies 4800 as the speed, but this is no
longer common. The most-signifacant-bit is always zero.

An NMEA sentence consists of a start delimiter, followed by a
comma-separated sequence of fields, followed by the character '*'
(ASCII 42), the checksum and an end-of-line marker.

The start delimiter is normally '$' (ASCII 36). Packets of AIVDM/AIVDO
data, which are otherwise formatted like NMEA, use '!'.  Up to 4.00
these are the only permitted start characters <<ANON>>.

The first field of a sentence is called the "tag" and normally
consists of a two-letter talker ID followed by a three-letter
type code.

Where a numeric latitude or longitude is given, the two digits
immediately to the left of the decimal point are whole minutes, to the
right are decimals of minutes, and the remaining digits to the left of
the whole minutes are whole degrees.

Eg. 4533.35 is 45 degrees and 33.35 minutes. ".35" of a minute is
exactly 21 seconds.

Eg. 16708.033 is 167 degrees and 8.033 minutes. ".033" of a minute is
about 2 seconds.

In NMEA 3.01 (and possibly some earlier versions), the character "^"
(HEX 5E) is reserved as an introducer for two-character hex escapes
using 0-9 and A-F, expressing an ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character <<ANON>>.

The Checksum is mandatory, and the last field in a sentence.  It is
the 8-bit XOR of all characters in the sentence, excluding the "$", "I",
or "*" characters; but including all "," and "^".  It is encoded as
two hexadecimal characters (0-9, A-F), the most-significant-nibble
being sent first.

Sentences are terminated by a <CR><LF> sequence.

Maximum sentence length, including the $ and <CR><LF> is 82 bytes.

According to <<UNMEA>>, the NMEA standard requires that a field (such as
altitude, latitude, or longitude) must be left empty when the GPS has
no valid data for it.  However, many receivers violate this.  It's
common, for example, to see latitude/longitude/altitude figures filled
with zeros when the GPS has no valid data.

== Dates and times ==

NMEA devices report date and time in UTC, aka GMT, aka Zulu time (as
opposed to local time).  But the way this report is computed results
in some odd bugs and inaccuracies.

Date and time in GPS is represented as number of weeks from the start
of zero second of 6 January 1980, plus number of seconds into the
week.  GPS time is not leap-second corrected, though satellites also
broadcast a current leap-second correction which may be updated on
three-month boundaries according to rotational bulletins issued by the
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).

The leap-second correction is only included in the multiplexed satellite
subframe broadcast, once every 12.5 minutes.  While the satellites do
notify GPSes of upcoming leap-seconds, this notification is not
necessarily processed correctly on consumer-grade devices, and may not
be available at all when a GPS receiver has just cold-booted. Thus,
reported UTC time may be slightly inaccurate between a cold boot or leap
second and the following subframe broadcast.

GPS date and time are subject to a rollover problem in the 10-bit week
number counter, which will re-zero every 1024 weeks (roughly every 19.6
years). The first rollover since GPS went live in 1980 was in Aug-1999,
followed by Apr-2019, the next will be in Nov-2038 (the 32-bit and POSIX
issues will probably be more important by then).  The new "CNAV" data
format extends the week number to 13 bits, with the first rollover
occurring in Jan-2137, but this is only used with some newly added GPS
signals, and is unlikely to be usable in most consumer-grade receivers
currently.

For accurate time reporting, therefore, a GPS requires a supplemental
time references sufficient to identify the current rollover period,
e.g. accurate to within 512 weeks.  Many NMEA GPSes have a wired-in
assumption about the UTC time of the last rollover and will thus report
incorrect times outside the rollover period they were designed in.

For these reasons, NMEA GPSes should not be considered high-quality
references for absolute time.  Some do, however, emit pulse-per-second
RS232 signals which can be used to improve the precision of an
external clock. See <<PPS>> for discussion.

== Error status indications

The NMEA sentences in the normal GPS inventory return four kinds of
validity flags: Mode, Status, the Active/Void bit, and in later
versions the FAA indicator mode.  The FAA mode field is legally
required and orthogonal to the others. Here's how the first three used
in various sentences:

[frame="topbot",options="header"]
|========================================================
|               | GPRMC  |   GPGLL  |   GPGGA  |   GPGSA
|Returns A/V    |  Yes   |    Yes   |    No    |     No
|Returns mode   |  No    |    No    |    No    |     Yes
|Returns status |  No    |    Yes   |    Yes   |     No
|========================================================

The "Navigation receiver warning" is 'A' for Active and 'V' for Void.
(or warning).  You will see it when either there is no satellite lock,
or to indicate a valid fix that has a DOP too high, or which fails an
elevation test. In the latter case the visible satellites are below some
fixed elevation of the horizon (usually 15%, but some GNSS receivers make this
adjustable) making position unreliable due to poor geometry and more
variable signal lag induced by lengthened atmosphere transit.

Mode is associated with the GSA sentence associated with the last fix.
It reports whether the fix was no good, sufficient for 2D, or
sufficient for 3D (values 1, 2, and 3).

Status will be 0 when the sample from which the reporting
sentence was generated does not have a valid fix, 1 when it has
a valid (normal-precision) fix, and 2 when the fig is DGPS corrected
(reducing the base error).

In addition, some sentences may use empty fields to signify invalid
data. It is not clear whether NMEA 0183 allows this, but real-world
software must cope.

.FAA Mode Indicator
|================================================================
|A | Autonomous mode
|D | Differential mode
|E | Estimated (dead reckoning) mode
|M | Manual input mode
|S | Simulator mode
|N | Data not valid
|================================================================

== Talker IDs ==

NMEA sentences do not identify the individual device that issued
them; the format was originally designed for shipboard multidrop
networks on which it's possible only to broadcast to all devices, not
address a specific one.

NMEA sentences do, however, include a "talker ID" a two-character
prefix that identifies the type of the transmitting unit.  By far the
most common talker ID is "GP", identifying a generic GPS, but all of
the following are well known:

.Common talker IDs
|================================================================
|BD     | BeiDou (China)
|CD     | Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
|EC     | Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS)
|GA     | Galileo Positioning System
|GB     | BeiDou (China)
|GL     | GLONASS, according to IEIC 61162-1
|GN     | Combination of multiple satellite systems (NMEA 1083)
|GP     | Global Positioning System receiver
|II     | Integrated Instrumentation
|IN     | Integrated Navigation
|LC     | Loran-C receiver (obsolete)
|QZ     | QZSS regional GPS augmentation system (Japan)
|GI     | NavIC (IRNSS) (India)
|Pxxx   | Proprietary (Vendor specific)
|================================================================

EC -- ECDIS is a specialized geographical information system intended
to support professional maritime navigation.  NMEA talker units
meeting the ECDIS standard use this prefix.  Some of these emit GLL.

II -- II is emitted by the NMEA interfaces of several widely-used lines
of marine-navigation electronics. One is the AutoHelm system by
Raymarine; see also <<SEATALK>> for the native protocol of these
devices.

IN -- Some Garmin GPS units use an IN talker ID.

CD -- Modern marine VHF radios use conventions collectively known as
Digital Selective Calling (DSC).  These radios typically take data
from a local position indicating device.  This data is used in
conjunction with a unique (FCC assigned) ID to cause your radio to
broadcast your position data to others.  Conversely, these radios are
capable of receiving position data of other stations and emitting
sentences indicating other station positions.  This lets you plot the
position of other vessels on a chart, for instance.  There has been at
least one instance of a DSC enabled radio overloading (misusing) the
LC talker prefix for this purpose.  Otherwise they use the CD prefix.
A vessel's nav system is likely to have both CD and some other
position indicating talker on its bus(es).

LC -- Loran-C is a marine navigation system formerly run by many
governments (USA, Canada, Russia, etc.).  It was shut down in most
countries by the end of 2010.  Norway and France shutdown their's in
2015.  Some non-Loran devices emit GLL but use this talker ID for
backward-compatibility reasons, so it outlasted the actual Loran-C
system.

Until the U.S. Coast Guard terminated the Omega Navigation System in
1997, another common talker prefix was "OM" for an Omega Navigation
System receiver.

Here is a more complete list of talker ID prefixes.  Most are not
relevant to GPS systems.

Note that talker IDs made obsolete by newer revisions of the
standards may still be emitted by older devices.  Support
for them may be present in the GPSD project.

.Big list of talker IDs
|================================================================
|AB     | Independent AIS Base Station
|AD     | Dependent AIS Base Station
|AG     | Autopilot - General
|AP     | Autopilot - Magnetic
|BD     | BeiDou (China)
|BN     | Bridge navigational watch alarm system
|CC     | Computer - Programmed Calculator (obsolete)
|CD     | Communications - Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
|CM     | Computer - Memory Data (obsolete)
|CS     | Communications - Satellite
|CT     | Communications - Radio-Telephone (MF/HF)
|CV     | Communications - Radio-Telephone (VHF)
|CX     | Communications - Scanning Receiver
|DE     | DECCA Navigation (obsolete)
|DF     | Direction Finder
|DM     | Velocity Sensor, Speed Log, Water, Magnetic
|DU     | Duplex repeater station
|EC     | Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS)
|EP     | Emergency Position Indicating Beacon (EPIRB)
|ER     | Engine Room Monitoring Systems
|GA     | Galileo Positioning System
|GB     | BeiDou (China)
|GL     | GLONASS, according to IEIC 61162-1
|GN     | Mixed GPS and GLONASS data, according to IEIC 61162-1
|GP     | Global Positioning System (GPS)
|HC     | Heading - Magnetic Compass
|HE     | Heading - North Seeking Gyro
|HN     | Heading - Non North Seeking Gyro
|II     | Integrated Instrumentation
|IN     | Integrated Navigation
|LA     | Loran A (obsolete)
|LC     | Loran C (obsolete)
|MP     | Microwave Positioning System (obsolete)
|NL     | Navigation light controller
|OM     | OMEGA Navigation System (obsolete)
|OS     | Distress Alarm System (obsolete)
|P      | Vendor specific
|QZ     | QZSS regional GPS augmentation system (Japan)
|RA     | RADAR and/or ARPA
|SD     | Depth Sounder
|SN     | Electronic Positioning System, other/general
|SS     | Scanning Sounder
|ST     | Skytraq debug output
|TI     | Turn Rate Indicator
|TR     | TRANSIT Navigation System
|U#     | '#' is a digit 0 ... 9; User Configured
|UP     | Microprocessor controller
|VD     | Velocity Sensor, Doppler, other/general
|VW     | Velocity Sensor, Speed Log, Water, Mechanical
|WI     | Weather Instruments
|YC     | Transducer - Temperature (obsolete)
|YD     | Transducer - Displacement, Angular or Linear (obsolete)
|YF     | Transducer - Frequency (obsolete)
|YL     | Transducer - Level (obsolete)
|YP     | Transducer - Pressure (obsolete)
|YR     | Transducer - Flow Rate (obsolete)
|YT     | Transducer - Tachometer (obsolete)
|YV     | Transducer - Volume (obsolete)
|YX     | Transducer
|ZA     | Timekeeper - Atomic Clock
|ZC     | Timekeeper - Chronometer
|ZQ     | Timekeeper - Quartz
|ZV     | Timekeeper - Radio Update, WWV or WWVH
|================================================================

The canonical list of Talkers is available at <<TALKERS>> .

== Satellite IDs ==

Satellites may be identified by one of two different numbers in
sentences such as GSV: a PRN number associated with their radio code,
or an NMEA-ID.

For satellites 1-32, the GPS constellation, these numbers are the
same. For satellites associated with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation
System), EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service),
and MSAS (Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System), they are
different.

Here is a table of NMEA-ID allocations above 32 as of March 2010:

[frame="topbot",options="header"]
|====================================================
|System     |Satellite       |PRN            |NMEA-ID
|EGNOS      |AOR-E           |120            |33
|EGNOS      |Artemis         |124            |37
|EGNOS      |IOR-W           |126            |39
|MSAS       |MTSAT-1         |129            |42
|EGNOS      |IOR-E           |131            |44
|WAAS       |AMR             |133            |46
|WAAS       |PanAm           |135            |48
|MSAS       |MTSAT-2         |137            |50
|WAAS       |Anik            |138            |51
|====================================================

Theoretically, all NMEA emitting devices should emit NMEA-IDs. In
practice, some pass through PRNs.

To avoid possible confusion caused by repetition of satellite ID
numbers when using multiple satellite systems, the following
convention has been adopted:

a. GPS satellites are identified by their PRN numbers, which range from 1 to 32.

b. The numbers 33-64 are reserved for WAAS satellites. The WAAS system
PRN numbers are 120-138. The offset from NMEA WAAS SV ID to WAAS PRN
number is 87. A WAAS PRN number of 120 minus 87 yields the SV ID of 33.
The addition of 87 to the SV ID yields the WAAS PRN number.

c. The numbers 65-96 are reserved for GLONASS satellites. GLONASS
satellites are identified by 64+satellite slot number. The slot
numbers are 1 through 24 for the full constellation of 24 satellites,
this gives a range of 65 through 88. The numbers 89 through 96 are
available if slot numbers above 24 are allocated to on-orbit spares.

Other sources such as <<SATSTAT>> confirm that the NMEA standard
assigns NMEA IDs 65-96 to GLONASS.  The following
table is our best guess of NMEA usage in 2018:

[frame="topbot",options="header"]
|====================================================
| 1 - 32    | GPS
| 33 - 54   | Various SBAS systems (EGNOS, WAAS, SDCM, GAGAN, MSAS)
| 55 - 64   | not used (might be assigned to further SBAS systems)
| 65 - 88   | GLONASS
| 89 - 96   | GLONASS (future extensions?)
| 97 - 119  | not used
| 120 - 151 | not used (SBAS PRNs occupy this range)
| 152 - 158 | Various SBAS systems (EGNOS, WAAS, SDCM, GAGAN, MSAS)
| 159 - 172 | not used
| 173 - 182 | IMES
| 193 - 197 | QZSS
| 196 - 200 | QZSS (future extensions?)
| 201 - 235 | BeiDou (u-blox, not NMEA)
| 301 - 336 | GALILEO
| 401 - 437 | BeiDou (NMEA)
|====================================================

GLONASS satellite numbers come in two flavors.  If a sentence
has a GL talker ID, expect the skyviews to be GLONASS-only and
in the range 1-32; you must add 64 to get a globally-unique
NMEA ID.  If the sentence has a GN talker ID, the device emits
a multi-constellation skyview with GLONASS IDs already in
the 65-96 range.

QZSS is a  geosynchronous (*not geostationary*) system of three
(possibly four) satellites in highly elliptical, inclined,
orbits.  It is designed to provide coverage in Japan's
urban canyons.

BeiDou-1 consists of 4 geostationary satellites operated by China,
operational since 2004.  Coverage area is the Chinese mainland.
gpsd does not support this, as this requires special hardware,
and prior arrangements with the operator, who calculates and
returns the position fix.

BeiDou-2 (earlier known as COMPASS) is a system of 35 satellites,
including 5 geostationary for compatibility with BeiDou-1.
As of late 2015, coverage is complete over most of Asia and the
West Pacific.  It is expected to be fully operational by 2020, by
when coverage area is expected to be worldwide.

Note that the PRN system is becoming increasingly fragmented and
unworkable.  New GPS denote each satellite, and their signals, by their
constellation (gnssID), satellite id in that constellation (svId), and
signal type (sigId).  NMEA, as of version 4, has not adapted.

== Obsolete sentences ==

Note that sentences made obsolete by newer revisions of the
standards may still be emitted by devices.
Support for them may be present in the GPSD project.

The following NMEA sentences have been designated "obsolete" in a
publicly available NMEA document dated 2009.

|================================================================
|APA | Autopilot Sentence "A"
|BER | Bearing & Distance to Waypoint, Dead Reckoning, Rhumb Line
|BPI | Bearing & Distance to Point of Interest
|DBK | Depth Below Keel
|DBS | Depth Below Surface

|DRU | Dual Doppler Auxiliary Data
|GDA | Dead Reckoning Positions
|GLA | Loran-C Positions
|GOA | OMEGA Positions
|GXA | TRANSIT Positions
|GTD | Geographical Position, Loran-C TDs
|GXA | TRANSIT Position
|HCC | Compass Heading
|HCD | Heading and Deviation
|HDM | Heading, Magnetic
|HDT | Heading, True
|HVD | Magnetic Variation, Automatic
|HVM | Magnetic Variation, Manually Set
|IMA | Vessel Identification
|MDA | Meteorological Composite
|MHU | Humidity
|MMB | Barometer
|MTA | Air Temperature
|MWH | Wave Height
|MWS | Wind & Sea State

|Rnn | Routes
|SBK | Loran-C Blink Status
|SCY | Loran-C Cycle Lock Status
|SCD | Loran-C ECDs
|SDB | Loran-C Signal Strength
|SGD | Position Accuracy Estimate
|SGR | Loran-C Chain Identifier
|SIU | Loran-C Stations in Use
|SLC | Loran-C Status
|SNC | Navigation Calculation Basis
|SNU | Loran-C SNR Status
|SPS | Loran-C Predicted Signal Strength
|SSF | Position Correction Offset
|STC | Time Constant
|STR | Tracking Reference
|SYS | Hybrid System Configuration
|================================================================

== NMEA Standard Sentences ==

Here are the NMEA standard sentences we know about:

=== AAM - Waypoint Arrival Alarm ===

This sentence is generated by some units to indicate the status of
arrival (entering the arrival circle, or passing the perpendicular of
the course line) at the destination waypoint.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3   4 5    6
        | | |   | |    |
 $--AAM,A,A,x.x,N,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status, BOOLEAN, A = Arrival circle entered, V = not passed
2. Status, BOOLEAN, A = perpendicular passed at waypoint, V = not passed
3. Arrival circle radius
4. Units of radius, nautical miles
5. Waypoint ID
6. Checksum

Example: GPAAM,A,A,0.10,N,WPTNME*43

WPTNME is the waypoint name.

=== ALM - GPS Almanac Data ===

This sentence expresses orbital data for a specified GPS satellite.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3  4   5  6    7  8    9    10     11     12     13     14  15   16
        |   |   |  |   |  |    |  |    |    |      |      |      |      |   |    |
 $--ALM,x.x,x.x,xx,x.x,hh,hhhh,hh,hhhh,hhhh,hhhhhh,hhhhhh,hhhhhh,hhhhhh,hhh,hhh,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Total number of messages
2. Sentence Number
3. Satellite PRN number (01 to 32)
4. GPS Week Number
5. SV health, bits 17-24 of each almanac page
6. Eccentricity
7. Almanac Reference Time
8. Inclination Angle
9. Rate of Right Ascension
10. Root of semi-major axis
11. Argument of perigee
12. Longitude of ascension node
13. Mean anomaly
14. F0 Clock Parameter
15. F1 Clock Parameter
16. Checksum

Fields 5 through 15 are dumped as raw hex.

Example:

$GPALM,1,1,15,1159,00,441d,4e,16be,fd5e,a10c9f,4a2da4,686e81,58cbe1,0a4,001*5B

=== APA - Autopilot Sentence "A" ===

This sentence is sent by some GPS receivers to allow them to be used
to control an autopilot unit. This sentence is commonly used by
autopilots and contains navigation receiver warning flag status,
cross-track-error, waypoint arrival status, initial bearing from
origin waypoint to the destination, continuous bearing from present
position to destination and recommended heading-to-steer to
destination waypoint for the active navigation leg of the journey.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2  3   4 5 6 7  8  9 10    11
        | |  |   | | | |  |  | |     |
 $--APA,A,A,x.xx,L,N,A,A,xxx,M,c---c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status
     V = Loran-C Blink or SNR warning
     V = general warning flag or other navigation systems when a reliable
         fix is not available
2. Status
     V = Loran-C Cycle Lock warning flag
     A = OK or not used
3. Cross Track Error Magnitude
4. Direction to steer, L or R
5. Cross Track Units (Nautical miles or kilometers)
6. Status
     A = Arrival Circle Entered
7. Status
     A = Perpendicular passed at waypoint
8. Bearing origin to destination
9. M = Magnetic, T = True
10. Destination Waypoint ID
11. checksum

Example: $GPAPA,A,A,0.10,R,N,V,V,011,M,DEST,011,M*82

=== APB - Autopilot Sentence "B" ===

This is a fixed form of the APA sentence with some ambiguities removed.

Note: Some autopilots, Robertson in particular, misinterpret "bearing
from origin to destination" as "bearing from present position to
destination". This is likely due to the difference between the APB
sentence and the APA sentence. for the APA sentence this would be the
correct thing to do for the data in the same field. APA only differs
from APB in this one field and APA leaves off the last two fields
where this distinction is clearly spelled out. This will result in
poor performance if the boat is sufficiently off-course that the two
bearings are different.
                                         13    15
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3   4 5 6 7 8   9 10   11  12|   14|
        | | |   | | | | |   | |    |   | |   | |
 $--APB,A,A,x.x,a,N,A,A,x.x,a,c--c,x.x,a,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status
     A = Data valid
     V = Loran-C Blink or SNR warning
     V = general warning flag or other navigation systems when a reliable
         fix is not available
2. Status
     V = Loran-C Cycle Lock warning flag
     A = OK or not used
3. Cross Track Error Magnitude
4. Direction to steer, L or R
5. Cross Track Units, N = Nautical Miles
6. Status
     A = Arrival Circle Entered
7. Status
     A = Perpendicular passed at waypoint
8. Bearing origin to destination
9. M = Magnetic, T = True
10. Destination Waypoint ID
11. Bearing, present position to Destination
12. M = Magnetic, T = True
13. Heading to steer to destination waypoint
14. M = Magnetic, T = True
15. Checksum

Example: $GPAPB,A,A,0.10,R,N,V,V,011,M,DEST,011,M,011,M*82

=== BOD - Bearing - Waypoint to Waypoint ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5    6    7
        |   | |   | |    |    |
 $--BOD,x.x,T,x.x,M,c--c,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Bearing Degrees, True
2. T = True
3. Bearing Degrees, Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. Destination Waypoint
6. origin Waypoint
7. Checksum

Example 1: $GPBOD,099.3,T,105.6,M,POINTB,*01

Waypoint ID: "POINTB" Bearing 99.3 True, 105.6 Magnetic This sentence
is transmitted in the GOTO mode, without an active route on your
GPS. WARNING: this is the bearing from the moment you press enter in
the GOTO page to the destination waypoint and is NOT updated
dynamically! To update the information, (current bearing to waypoint),
you will have to press enter in the GOTO page again.

Example 2: $GPBOD,097.0,T,103.2,M,POINTB,POINTA*52

This sentence is transmitted when a route is active. It contains the
active leg information: origin waypoint "POINTA" and destination
waypoint "POINTB", bearing between the two points 97.0 True, 103.2
Magnetic. It does NOT display the bearing from current location to
destination waypoint! WARNING Again this information does not change
until you are on the next leg of the route. (The bearing from POINTA
to POINTB does not change during the time you are on this leg.)

This sentence has been replaced by BWW in NMEA 4.00 (and possibly
earlier versions) <<ANON>>.

=== BWC - Bearing & Distance to Waypoint - Great Circle ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         12
        1         2       3 4        5 6   7 8   9 10  11|    13 14
        |         |       | |        | |   | |   | |   | |    |   |
 $--BWC,hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N,c--c,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC Time or observation
2. Waypoint Latitude
3. N = North, S = South
4. Waypoint Longitude
5. E = East, W = West
6. Bearing, degrees True
7. T = True
8. Bearing, degrees Magnetic
9. M = Magnetic
10. Distance, Nautical Miles
11. N = Nautical Miles
12. Waypoint ID
13. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later, optional)
14. Checksum

Example 1: $GPBWC,081837,,,,,,T,,M,,N,*13

Example 2: GPBWC,220516,5130.02,N,00046.34,W,213.8,T,218.0,M,0004.6,N,EGLM*11

=== BWR - Bearing and Distance to Waypoint - Rhumb Line ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       11       14
        1         2       3 4        5 6   7 8   9 10  | 12   13 |
        |         |       | |        | |   | |   | |   | |    |  |
 $--BWR,hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N,c--c,m*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC Time of observation
2. Waypoint Latitude
3. N = North, S = South
4. Waypoint Longitude
5. E = East, W = West
6. Bearing, degrees True
7. T = True
8. Bearing, degrees Magnetic
9. M = Magnetic
10. Distance, Nautical Miles
11. N = Nautical Miles
12. Waypoint ID
13. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later, optional)
14. Checksum

=== BWW - Bearing - Waypoint to Waypoint ===

Bearing calculated at the FROM waypoint.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5    6    7
        |   | |   | |    |    |
 $--BWW,x.x,T,x.x,M,c--c,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Field Number:
1. Bearing, degrees True
2. T = True
3. Bearing Degrees, Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. TO Waypoint ID
6. FROM Waypoint ID
7. Checksum

=== DBK - Depth Below Keel ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7
        |   | |   | |   | |
 $--DBK,x.x,f,x.x,M,x.x,F*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Depth, feet
2. f = feet
3. Depth, meters
4. M = meters
5. Depth, Fathoms
6. F = Fathoms
7. Checksum

=== DBS - Depth Below Surface ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7
        |   | |   | |   | |
 $--DBS,x.x,f,x.x,M,x.x,F*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Depth, feet
2. f = feet
3. Depth, meters
4. M = meters
5. Depth, Fathoms
6. F = Fathoms
7. Checksum

=== DBT - Depth below transducer ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7
        |   | |   | |   | |
 $--DBT,x.x,f,x.x,M,x.x,F*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Water depth, feet
2. f = feet
3. Water depth, meters
4. M = meters
5. Water depth, Fathoms
6. F = Fathoms
7. Checksum

In real-world sensors, sometimes not all three conversions are reported.
So you might see something like $SDDBT,,f,22.5,M,,F*cs

Example: $SDDBT,7.8,f,2.4,M,1.3,F*0D

=== DCN - Decca Position ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      11  13      16
        1  2  3   4 5  6   7 8  9   10| 12| 14  15| 17
        |  |  |   | |  |   | |  |   | | | | |   | | |
 $--DCN,xx,cc,x.x,A,cc,x.x,A,cc,x.x,A,A,A,A,x.x,N,x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Decca chain identifier
2. Red Zone Identifier
3. Red Line Of Position
4. Red Master Line Status
5. Green Zone Identifier
6. Green Line Of Position
7. Green Master Line Status
8. Purple Zone Identifier
9. Purple Line Of Position
10. Purple Master Line Status
11. Red Line Navigation Use
12. Green Line Navigation Use
13. Purple Line Navigation Use
14. Position Uncertainty
15. N = Nautical Miles
16. Fix Data Basis
     - 1 = Normal Pattern
     - 2 = Lane Identification Pattern
     - 3 = Lane Identification Transmissions
17. Checksum

(The DCN sentence is obsolete as of 3.01)

=== DPT - Depth of Water ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3   4
        |   |   |   |
 $--DPT,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Water depth relative to transducer, meters
2. Offset from transducer, meters
     positive means distance from transducer to water line
     negative means distance from transducer to keel
3. Maximum range scale in use (NMEA 3.0 and above)
4. Checksum

This sentence was incorrectly titled "Heading - Deviation & Variation"
in <<BETKE>>.  It's documented at
<http://www.humminbird.com/normal.asp?id=853>

Example: $INDPT,2.3,0.0*46

=== DTM - Datum Reference ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          1  2  3   4  5   6  7  8    9
          |  |  |   |  |   |  |  |    |
 $ --DTM,ref,x,llll,c,llll,c,aaa,ref*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Local datum code.
2. Local datum subcode.  May be blank.
3. Latitude offset (minutes)
4. N or S
5. Longitude offset (minutes)
6. E or W
7. Altitude offset in meters
8. Datum name. What's usually seen here is "W84", the standard
   WGS84 datum used by GPS.
9. Checksum.

Example: $GPDTM,W84,C*52

=== FSI - Frequency Set Information ===

Set (or report) frequency, mode of operation and transmitter power level of a
radiotelephone.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1      2      3 4 5
        |      |      | | |
 $--FSI,xxxxxx,xxxxxx,c,x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Field Number:
1. Transmitting Frequency
2. Receiving Frequency
3. Communications Mode (NMEA Syntax 2)
4. Power Level (0 = standby, 1 = lowest, 9 = highest)
5. Checksum

=== GBS - GPS Satellite Fault Detection ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            1      2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9
            |      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
 $--GBS,hhmmss.ss,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC time of the GGA or GNS fix associated with this sentence
2. Expected 1-sigma error in latitude (meters)
3. Expected 1-sigma error in longitude (meters)
4. Expected 1-sigma  error in altitude (meters)
5. ID of most likely failed satellite (1 to 138)
6. Probability of missed detection for most likely failed satellite
7. Estimate of bias in meters on most likely failed satellite
8. Standard deviation of bias estimate
9. Checksum

Note: Source <<MX521>> describes a proprietary extension of GBS with
a 9th data field. The 8-field version is in NMEA 3.0.

Example: $GPGBS,125027,23.43,M,13.91,M,34.01,M*07

=== GGA - Global Positioning System Fix Data ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

Time, Position and fix related data for a GPS receiver.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      11
        1         2       3 4        5 6 7  8   9  10 |  12 13  14   15
        |         |       | |        | | |  |   |   | |   | |   |    |
 $--GGA,hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x,xx,x.x,x.x,M,x.x,M,x.x,xxxx*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC of this position report
2. Latitude
3. N or S (North or South)
4. Longitude
5. E or W (East or West)
6. GPS Quality Indicator (non null)
     - 0 - fix not available,
     - 1 - GPS fix,
     - 2 - Differential GPS fix
           (values above 2 are 2.3 features)
     - 3 = PPS fix
     - 4 = Real Time Kinematic
     - 5 = Float RTK
     - 6 = estimated (dead reckoning)
     - 7 = Manual input mode
     - 8 = Simulation mode
7. Number of satellites in use, 00 - 12
8. Horizontal Dilution of precision (meters)
9. Antenna Altitude above/below mean-sea-level (geoid) (in meters)
10. Units of antenna altitude, meters
11. Geoidal separation, the difference between the WGS-84 earth
     ellipsoid and mean-sea-level (geoid), "-" means mean-sea-level
     below ellipsoid
12. Units of geoidal separation, meters
13. Age of differential GPS data, time in seconds since last SC104
     type 1 or 9 update, null field when DGPS is not used
14. Differential reference station ID, 0000-1023
15. Checksum

Example:

$GNGGA,001043.00,4404.14036,N,12118.85961,W,1,12,0.98,1113.0,M,-21.3,M,,*47

=== GLC - Geographic Position, Loran-C ===

This sentence is obsolete over most of its former coverage area.  The
US/Canadian/Russian Loran-C network was shut down in 2010; it is still
as of 2015 in limited use in Europe.  Loran-C operations in Norway
will cease from 1st Jan 2016. <<NORWAY>>

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           12    14
        1    2   3 4   5 6   7 8   9 10  11|   13|
        |    |   | |   | |   | |   | |   | |   | |
 $--GLC,xxxx,x.x,a,x.x,a,x.x,a.x,x,a,x.x,a,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. GRI Microseconds/10
2. Master TOA Microseconds
3. Master TOA Signal Status
4. Time Difference 1 Microseconds
5. Time Difference 1 Signal Status
6. Time Difference 2 Microseconds
7. Time Difference 2 Signal Status
8. Time Difference 3 Microseconds
9. Time Difference 3 Signal Status
10. Time Difference 4 Microseconds
11. Time Difference 4 Signal Status
12. Time Difference 5 Microseconds
13. Time Difference 5 Signal Status
14. Checksum

=== GLL - Geographic Position - Latitude/Longitude ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	1       2 3        4 5         6 7   8
	|       | |        | |         | |   |
 $--GLL,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,hhmmss.ss,a,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Latitude
2. N or S (North or South)
3. Longitude
4. E or W (East or West)
5. UTC of this position
6. Status A - Data Valid, V - Data Invalid
7. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later)
8. Checksum

Example: $GNGLL,4404.14012,N,12118.85993,W,001037.00,A,A*67

=== GNS - Fix data ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       1         2       3 4        5 6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13
       |         |       | |        | |    |  |   |   |   |   |   |
$--GNS,hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,c--c,xx,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC of position
2. Latitude
3. N or S (North or South)
4. Longitude
5. E or W (East or West)
6. Mode indicator (non-null)
7. Total number of satellites in use, 00-99
8. Horizontal Dilution of Precision, HDOP
9. Antenna altitude, meters, re:mean-sea-level(geoid).
10. Goeidal separation meters
11. Age of differential data
12. Differential reference station ID
13. Navigational status (optional)
    S = Safe
    C = Caution
    U = Unsafe
    V = Not valid for navigation
14. Checksum

The Mode indicator is one to four characters, with the first and second
defined for GPS and GLONASS.  Further characters may be defined.  For
each system, the character can have a value (table may be incomplete):

* A = Autonomous (non-differential)
* D = Differential mode
* E = Estimated (dead reckoning) Mode
* F = RTK Float
* M = Manual Input Mode
* N = Constellation not in use, or no valid fix
* P = Precise (no degradation, like Selective Availability, and hires)
* R = RTK Integer
* S = Simulator Mode

Example: $GPGNS,112257.00,3844.24011,N,00908.43828,W,AN,03,10.5,,,,*57

=== GRS - GPS Range Residuals ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              1    2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14  15
              |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |   |
 $ --GRS,hhmmss.ss,m,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,xx,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC time of associated GGA fix
2. 0 = Residuals used in GGA, 1 = residuals calculated after GGA
3. Satellite 1 residual in meters
4. Satellite 2 residual in meters
5. Satellite 3 residual in meters
6. Satellite 4 residual in meters (blank if unused)
7. Satellite 5 residual in meters (blank if unused)
8. Satellite 6 residual in meters (blank if unused)
9. Satellite 7 residual in meters (blank if unused)
10. Satellite 8 residual in meters (blank if unused)
11. Satellite 9 residual in meters (blank if unused)
12. Satellite 10 residual in meters (blank if unused)
13. Satellite 11 residual in meters (blank if unused)
14. Satellite 12 residual in meters (blank if unused)
15. Checksum

The order of satellites MUST match those in the last GSA.

Example: $GPGRS,024603.00,1,-1.8,-2.7,0.3,,,,,,,,,*6C

Note that the talker ID may be GP, GL, or GN, depending on if the residuals
are for GPS-only, GLONASS-only, or combined solution, respectively.

=== GST - GPS Pseudorange Noise Statistics ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              1    2 3 4 5 6 7 8   9
              |    | | | | | | |   |
 $ --GST,hhmmss.ss,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. TC time of associated GGA fix
2. Total RMS standard deviation of ranges inputs to the navigation solution
3. Standard deviation (meters) of semi-major axis of error ellipse
4. Standard deviation (meters) of semi-minor axis of error ellipse
5. Orientation of semi-major axis of error ellipse (true north degrees)
6. Standard deviation (meters) of latitude error
7. Standard deviation (meters) of longitude error
8. Standard deviation (meters) of altitude error
9. Checksum

Example: $GPGST,182141.000,15.5,15.3,7.2,21.8,0.9,0.5,0.8*54


=== GSA - GPS DOP and active satellites ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	1 2 3                        14 15  16  17  18
	| | |                         |  |   |   |   |
 $--GSA,a,a,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Selection mode: M=Manual, forced to operate in 2D or 3D, A=Automatic, 2D/3D
2. Mode (1 = no fix, 2 = 2D fix, 3 = 3D fix)
3. ID of 1st satellite used for fix
4. ID of 2nd satellite used for fix
5. ID of 3rd satellite used for fix
6. ID of 4th satellite used for fix
7. ID of 5th satellite used for fix
8. ID of 6th satellite used for fix
9. ID of 7th satellite used for fix
10. ID of 8th satellite used for fix
11. ID of 9th satellite used for fix
12. ID of 10th satellite used for fix
13. ID of 11th satellite used for fix
14. ID of 12th satellite used for fix
15. PDOP
16. HDOP
17. VDOP
18. Checksum

Example: $GNGSA,A,3,80,71,73,79,69,,,,,,,,1.83,1.09,1.47*17

Note: NMEA 4.1+ systems (in particular u-blox 9) emit an extra field
just before the checksum.

-----------------------------------------------
1 = GPS L1C/A, L2CL, L2CM
2 = GLONASS L1 OF, L2 OF
3 = Galileo E1C, E1B, E5 bl, E5 bQ
4 = BeiDou B1I D1, B1I D2, B2I D1, B2I D12
-----------------------------------------------


=== GSV - Satellites in view ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

These sentences describe the sky position of a UPS satellite in view.
Typically they're shipped in a group of 2 or 3.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	1 2 3 4 5 6 7     n
	| | | | | | |     |
 $--GSV,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,...*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. total number of GSV sentences to be transmitted in this group
2. Sentence number, 1-9 of this GSV message within current group
3. total number of satellites in view (leading zeros sent)
4. satellite ID number (leading zeros sent)
5. elevation in degrees (-90 to 90) (leading zeros sent)
6. azimuth in degrees to true north (000 to 359) (leading zeros sent)
7. SNR in dB (00-99) (leading zeros sent)
   more satellite info quadruples like 4-7
   n) checksum

Example:
    $GPGSV,3,1,11,03,03,111,00,04,15,270,00,06,01,010,00,13,06,292,00*74
    $GPGSV,3,2,11,14,25,170,00,16,57,208,39,18,67,296,40,19,40,246,00*74
    $GPGSV,3,3,11,22,42,067,42,24,14,311,43,27,05,244,00,,,,*4D

Some GPS receivers may emit more than 12 quadruples (more than three
GPGSV sentences), even though NMEA-0813 doesn't allow this.  (The
extras might be WAAS satellites, for example.) Receivers may also
report quads for satellites they aren't tracking, in which case the
SNR field will be null; we don't know whether this is formally allowed
or not.

Example: $GLGSV,3,3,09,88,07,028,*51

=== GTD - Geographic Location in Time Differences ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	 1   2   3   4   5  6
	 |   |   |   |   |  |
 $--GTD,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. time difference
2. time difference
3. time difference
4. time difference
5. time difference
   n) checksum


=== GXA - TRANSIT Position - Latitude/Longitude ===

Location and time of TRANSIT fix at waypoint

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1         2       3 4        5 6    7 8
        |         |       | |        | |    | |
 $--GXA,hhmmss.ss,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,c--c,X*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC of position fix
2. Latitude
3. East or West
4. Longitude
5. North or South
6. Waypoint ID
7. Satellite number
8. Checksum

(The GXA sentence is obsolete as of 3.01.)

=== HDG - Heading - Deviation & Variation ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3 4   5 6
        |   |   | |   | |
 $--HDG,x.x,x.x,a,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Magnetic Sensor heading in degrees
2. Magnetic Deviation, degrees
3. Magnetic Deviation direction, E = Easterly, W = Westerly
4. Magnetic Variation degrees
5. Magnetic Variation direction, E = Easterly, W = Westerly
6. Checksum

=== HDM - Heading - Magnetic ===

Vessel heading in degrees with respect to magnetic north produced by
any device or system producing magnetic heading.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3
        |   | |
 $--HDM,x.x,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Heading Degrees, magnetic
2. M = magnetic
3. Checksum

=== HDT - Heading - True ===

Actual vessel heading in degrees true produced by any device or system
producing true heading.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3
        |   | |
 $--HDT,x.x,T*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Heading, degrees True
2. T = True
3. Checksum

Example: $GPHDT,274.07,T*03

=== HFB - Trawl Headrope to Footrope and Bottom ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3  4 5
         |  |  |  | |
 $--HFB,x.x,M,y.y,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Distance from headrope to footrope
2. Meters (0-100)
3. Distance from headrope to bottom
4. Meters (0-100)
5. Checksum

From <<GLOBALSAT>>. Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== HSC - Heading Steering Command ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4  5
        |   | |   |  |
 $--HSC,x.x,T,x.x,M,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Heading Degrees, True
2. T = True
3. Heading Degrees, Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. Checksum

<<GLOBALSAT>> describes a completely different meaning for this
sentence, having to do with water temperature sensors.  It is
unclear which is correct.

=== ITS - Trawl Door Spread 2 Distance ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2 3
         |  | |
 $--ITS,x.x,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number)

1. Second spread distance
2. Meters
3. Checksum.

From <<GLOBALSAT>>. Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== LCD - Loran-C Signal Data ===

Obsolete.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1    2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11  12  13  14
        |    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
 $--LCD,xxxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx,xxx*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. GRI Microseconds/10
2. Master Relative SNR
3. Master Relative ECD
4. Time Difference 1 Microseconds
5. Time Difference 1 Signal Status
6. Time Difference 2 Microseconds
7. Time Difference 2 Signal Status
8. Time Difference 3 Microseconds
9. Time Difference 3 Signal Status
10. Time Difference 4 Microseconds
11. Time Difference 4 Signal Status
12. Time Difference 5 Microseconds
13. Time Difference 5 Signal Status
14. Checksum

=== MDA - Meteorological Composite ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1   2  3    4  5  6 7 8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
         |   |  |    |  |  | | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 $--MDA,n.nn,I,n.nnn,B,n.n,C,n.C,n.n,n,n.n,C,n.n,T,n.n,M,n.n,N,n.n,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Barometric pressure, inches of mercury, to the nearest 0.01 inch
2. I = inches of mercury
3. Barometric pressure, bars, to the nearest .001 bar
4. B = bars
5. Air temperature, degrees C, to the nearest 0.1 degree C
6. C = degrees C
7. Water temperature, degrees C (this field left blank by WeatherStation)
8. C = degrees C
9. Relative humidity, percent, to the nearest 0.1 percent
10. Absolute humidity, percent
11. Dew point, degrees C, to the nearest 0.1 degree C
12. C = degrees C
13. Wind direction, degrees True, to the nearest 0.1 degree
14. T = true
15. Wind direction, degrees Magnetic, to the nearest 0.1 degree
16. M = magnetic
17. Wind speed, knots, to the nearest 0.1 knot
18. N = knots
19. Wind speed, meters per second, to the nearest 0.1 m/s
20. M = meters per second
21. Checksum

Obsolete as of 2009.

=== MSK - Control for a Beacon Receiver ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3  4  5   6
         |  |  |  |  |   |
 $--MSK,nnn,m,nnn,m,nnn*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Beacon frequency to use, 283.5-325.0 kHz
2. Frequency mode, A=auto, M=manual
3. Beacon bit rate (25, 50, 100, 200)
4. Bitrate, A=auto, M=manual
5. Interval for MSS message status (null for no status), seconds
6. Checksum

=== MSS - Beacon Receiver Status ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3  4    5   6
         |  |  |  |    |   |
 $--MSS,nn,nn,fff,bbb,xxx*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Signal strength (dB 1uV)
2. Signal to noise ratio (dB)
3. Beacon frequency,283.5-325.0 kHz
4. Beacon data rate, 25, 50, 100, 200 bps
5. Channel number
6. Checksum

Example: $GPMSS,0,0,0.000000,200,*5A

=== MTW - Mean Temperature of Water ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3
        |   | |
 $--MTW,x.x,C*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Temperature, degrees
2. Unit of Measurement, Celsius
3. Checksum

<<GLOBALSAT>> lists this as "Meteorological Temperature of Water", which
is probably incorrect.

Example: $INMTW,17.9,C*1B

=== MWV - Wind Speed and Angle ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5
        |   | |   | |
 $--MWV,x.x,a,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Wind Angle, 0 to 359 degrees
2. Reference, R = Relative, T = True
3. Wind Speed
4. Wind Speed Units, K/M/
5. Status, A = Data Valid, V = Invalid
6. Checksum

=== OLN - Omega Lane Numbers ===

Obsolete.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1          2          3          4
        |--------+ |--------+ |--------+ |
 $--OLN,aa,xxx,xxx,aa,xxx,xxx,aa,xxx,xxx*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Omega Pair 1
2. Omega Pair 1
3. Omega Pair 1
4. Checksum

(The OLN sentence is obsolete as of 2.30)

=== OSD - Own Ship Data ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7   8   9 10
        |   | |   | |   | |   |   | |
 $--OSD,x.x,A,x.x,a,x.x,a,x.x,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Heading, degrees True
2. Status, A = Data Valid, V = Invalid
3. Vessel Course, degrees True
4. Course Reference B/M/W/R/P
5. Vessel Speed
6. Speed Reference B/M/W/R/P
7. Vessel Set, degrees True
8. Vessel drift (speed)
9. Speed Units K/N
10. Checksum

=== R00 - Waypoints in active route ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1                n
        |                |
 $--R00,c---c,c---c,....*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. waypoint ID

...

n) checksum

=== RMA - Recommended Minimum Navigation Information ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    12
        1 2       3 4        5 6   7   8   9   10  11|
        | |       | |        | |   |   |   |   |   | |
 $--RMA,A,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status, A = Valid, V = Invalid
2. Latitude
3. N or S
4. Longitude
5. E or W
6. Time Difference A, uS
7. Time Difference B, uS
8. Speed Over Ground, Knots
9. Track Made Good, degrees True
10. Magnetic Variation, degrees
11. E or W
12. Checksum

=== RMB - Recommended Minimum Navigation Information ===

To be sent by a navigation receiver when a destination waypoint is active.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             14
        1 2   3 4    5    6       7 8        9 10  11  12  13|  15
        | |   | |    |    |       | |        | |   |   |   | |   |
 $--RMB,A,x.x,a,c--c,c--c,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,x.x,x.x,A,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status, A = Active, V = Invalid
2. Cross Track error - nautical miles
3. Direction to Steer, Left or Right
4. Origin Waypoint ID
5. Destination Waypoint ID
6. Destination Waypoint Latitude
7. N or S
8. Destination Waypoint Longitude
9. E or W
10. Range to destination in nautical miles
11. Bearing to destination in degrees True
12. Destination closing velocity in knots
13. Arrival Status, A = Arrival Circle Entered. V = not entered/passed
14. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later)
15. Checksum

Example: $GPRMB,A,0.66,L,003,004,4917.24,N,12309.57,W,001.3,052.5,000.5,V*0B

=== RMC - Recommended Minimum Navigation Information ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          12
        1         2 3       4 5        6  7   8   9    10 11|  13
        |         | |       | |        |  |   |   |    |  | |   |
 $--RMC,hhmmss.ss,A,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,x.x,xxxx,x.x,a,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC Time of position
2. Status, A = Valid, V = Warning
3. Latitude
4. N or S
5. Longitude
6. E or W
7. Speed over ground, knots
8. Track made good, degrees true
9. Date, ddmmyy
10. Magnetic Variation, degrees
11. E or W
12. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later)
13. Checksum

A status of V means the GPS has a valid fix that is below an internal
quality threshold, e.g. because the dilution of precision is too high
or an elevation mask test failed.

Example: $GNRMC,001031.00,A,4404.13993,N,12118.86023,W,0.146,,100117,,,A*7B

=== ROT - Rate Of Turn ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3
        |   | |
 $--ROT,x.x,A*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Rate Of Turn, degrees per minute, "-" means bow turns to port
2. Status, A means data is valid
3. Checksum

Example: $HEROT,0.0,A*2B

=== RPM - Revolutions ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3   4   5 6
        | | |   |   | |
 $--RPM,a,x,x.x,x.x,A*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Source, S = Shaft, E = Engine
2. Engine or shaft number
3. Speed, Revolutions per minute
4. Propeller pitch, % of maximum, "-" means astern
5. Status, A = Valid, V = Invalid
6. Checksum


=== RSA - Rudder Sensor Angle ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5
        |   | |   | |
 $--RSA,x.x,A,x.x,A*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Starboard (or single) rudder sensor, "-" means Turn To Port
2. Status, A = valid, V = Invalid
3. Port rudder sensor
4. Status, A = valid, V = Invalid
5. Checksum

=== RSD - RADAR System Data ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        14
        1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10  11 12 13|
        |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | |
 $--RSD,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,a,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Some fields are missing from this description.)

Field Number:
1. Origin 1 range
2. Origin 1 bearing
3. Variable Range Marker 1
4. Bearing Line 1
5. Origin 2 range
6. Origin 2 bearing
7. Variable Range Marker 2
8. Bearing Line 2
9. Cursor Range From Own Ship
10. Cursor Bearing Degrees Clockwise From Zero
11. Range Scale
12. Range Units
13. Display rotation (C = course up, H = heading up, N - North up)
14. Checksum

=== RTE - Routes ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3 4    5           x    n
        |   |   | |    |           |    |
 $--RTE,x.x,x.x,a,c--c,c--c, ..... c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Total number of RE sentences being transmitted
2. Sentence Number
3. Sentence mode
     c = complete route, all waypoints
     w = working route, the waypoint you just left, the waypoint
     you're heading to, then all the rest
4. Route ID
5. Waypoint ID
6. Additional waypoint IDs

More waypoints follow.  Last field is a checksum as usual.

The Garmin 65 and possibly other units report a $GPR00 in the same format.

Example: $GPRTE,1,1,c,0*07

=== SFI - Scanning Frequency Information ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3      4                     x
        |   |   |      |                     |
 $--SFI,x.x,x.x,xxxxxx,c .......... xxxxxx,c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:
1. Total Number Of sentences
2. Sentence Number
3. Frequency 1
4. Mode 1
5. Additional Frequency, Mode pairs
x. Checksum

=== STN - Multiple Data ID ===

This sentence is transmitted before each individual sentence where
there is a need for the Listener to determine the exact source of data
in the system. Examples might include dual-frequency depth sounding
equipment or equipment that integrates data from a number of sources
and produces a single output.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2
        |   |
 $--STN,x.x,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Talker ID Number
2. Checksum

=== TDS - Trawl Door Spread Distance ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2 3
         |  | |
 $--TDS,x.x,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number)

1. Distance between trawl doors
2. Meters (0-300)
3. Checksum.

From <<GLOBALSAT>>.  Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== TFI - Trawl Filling Indicator ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3 4
        | | | |
 $--TFI,x,y,z*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field number:

1. Catch sensor #1 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = no answer)
2. Catch sensor #2 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = no answer)
3. Catch sensor #3 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = no answer)

From <<GLOBALSAT>>.  Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== TLB - Target Label ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   (3) (4)                5
        |   |    |   |                 |
 $--TLB,x.x,c--c,x.x,c--c,...,x.x,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Target Number (0-99)
2. Label assigned to target
3. (Target number 2)
4. (Label assigned to target number 2)
5. Checksum

Message can contain target number + label pairs up to maximum NMEA message length.
Target number references to target number in TTM (and/or TLL) messages.

=== TLL - Target Latitude and Longitude ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1  2       3 4        5 6    7         8 9 10
        |  |       | |        | |    |         | | |
 $--TLL,xx,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,c--c,hhmmss.ss,a,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Target Number (0-99)
2. Target Latitude
3. N=north, S=south
4. Target Longitude
5. E=east, W=west
6. Target name
7. UTC of data
8. Status (L=lost, Q=acquisition, T=tracking)
9. R= reference target; null (,,)= otherwise

=== TPC - Trawl Position Cartesian Coordinates ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3 4  5  6 7
        | | | |  |  | |
 $--TPC,x,M,y,P,z.z,M*hh,<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Horizontal distance from the vessel center line
2. Meters
3. Horizontal distance from the transducer to the trawl along the
     vessel center line. The value is normally positive assuming the
     trawl is located behind the vessel.
4. Meters
5. Depth of the trawl below the surface
6. Meters
7. Checksum

From <<GLOBALSAT>>. Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".
This entry actually merges their TPC description with another
entry labeled (apparently incorrectly) TPT, which differs from the
TPT shown below.

=== TPR - Trawl Position Relative Vessel ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3 4  5  6 7
        | | | |  |  | |
 $--TPR,x,M,y,P,z.z,M*hh,<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Horizontal range relative to target
2. Meters (0-4000)
3. Bearing to target relative to vessel heading.  Resolution is one degree.
4. Separator
5. Depth of trawl below the surface
6. Meters (0-2000)
7. Checksum

From <<GLOBALSAT>>. Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== TPT - Trawl Position True ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3 4  5  6 7
        | | | |  |  | |
 $--TPT,x,M,y,P,z.z,M*hh,<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Horizontal range relative to target
2. Meters (0-4000)
3. True bearing to target (ie. relative north).  Resolution is one degree.
4. Separator
5. Depth of trawl below the surface
6. Meters (0-2000)
7. Checksum

From <<GLOBALSAT>>. Shown with a "@II" leader rather than "$GP".

=== TRF - TRANSIT Fix Data ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    13
        1         2      3       4 5        6 7   8   9   10  11  12|
        |         |      |       | |        | |   |   |   |   |   | |
 $--TRF,hhmmss.ss,xxxxxx,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,x.x,x.x,x.x,x.x,xxx,A*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC Time
2. Date, ddmmyy
3. Latitude
4. N or S
5. Longitude
6. E or W
7. Elevation Angle
8. Number of iterations
9. Number of Doppler intervals
10. Update distance, nautical miles
11. Satellite ID
12. Data Validity
13. Checksum

(The TRF sentence is obsolete as of 2.3.0)

=== TTM - Tracked Target Message ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         11     13            16
        1  2   3   4 5   6   7 8   9   10|    12| 14       15  |
        |  |   |   | |   |   | |   |   | |    | | |         |  |
 $--TTM,xx,x.x,x.x,a,x.x,x.x,a,x.x,x.x,a,c--c,a,a,hhmmss.ss,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Target Number (0-99)
2. Target Distance
3. Bearing from own ship
4. T = True, R = Relative
5. Target Speed
6. Target Course
7. T = True, R = Relative
8. Distance of closest-point-of-approach
9. Time until closest-point-of-approach "-" means increasing
10. Speed/distance units, K/N
11. Target name
12. Target Status
13. Reference Target
14. UTC of data (NMEA 3 and above)
15. Type, A = Auto, M = Manual, R = Reported (NMEA 3 and above)
16. Checksum

<<GLOBALSAT>> gives this in a slightly different form, with 14th and
15th fields conveying time of observation and whether target
acquisition was automatic or manual.

=== VBW - Dual Ground/Water Speed ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2   3 4   5   6 7   8  0 10 11
        |   |   | |   |   | |   |  |  |  |
 $--VBW,x.x,x.x,A,x.x,x.x,A,x.x,A,x.x,A*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Longitudinal water speed, "-" means astern, knots
2. Transverse water speed, "-" means port, knots
3. Status, A = Data Valid
4. Longitudinal ground speed, "-" means astern, knots
5. Transverse ground speed, "-" means port, knots
6. Status, A = Data Valid
7. Stern traverse water speed, knots *NMEA 3 and above)
8. Status, stern traverse water speed A = Valid (NMEA 3 and above)
9. Stern traverse ground speed, knots *NMEA 3 and above)
10. Status, stern ground speed A = Valid (NMEA 3 and above)
11. Checksum

=== VDR - Set and Drift ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7
        |   | |   | |   | |
 $--VDR,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Direction degrees, True
2. T = True
3. Direction degrees Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. Current speed, knots
6. N = Knots
7. Checksum

=== VHW - Water speed and heading ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6 7   8 9
        |   | |   | |   | |   | |
 $--VHW,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N,x.x,K*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Heading degrees, True
2. T = True
3. Heading degrees, Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. Speed of vessel relative to the water, knots
6. N = Knots
7. Speed of vessel relative to the water, km/hr
8. K = Kilometers
9. Checksum

<<GLOBALSAT>> describes a different format in which the first three
fields are water-temperature measurements.  It's not clear which
is correct.

=== VLW - Distance Traveled through Water ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5   6  7  8  9
        |   | |   | |   |  |  |  |
 $--VLW,x.x,N,x.x,N,x.x,N,x.x,N*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Total cumulative water distance, nm
2. N = Nautical Miles
3. Water distance since Reset, nm
4. N = Nautical Miles
5. Total cumulative ground distance, nm (NMEA 3 and above)
6. N = Nautical Miles (NMEA 3 and above)
7. Ground distance since reset, nm (NMEA 3 and above)
8. N = Nautical Miles (NMEA 3 and above)
9. Checksum

=== VPW - Speed - Measured Parallel to Wind ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5
        |   | |   | |
 $--VPW,x.x,N,x.x,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Speed, "-" means downwind, knots
2. N = Knots
3. Speed, "-" means downwind, m/s
4. M = Meters per second
5. Checksum

=== VTG - Track made good and Ground speed ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3  4  5	6  7  8 9   10
         |  |  |  |  |	|  |  | |   |
 $--VTG,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N,x.x,K,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Course over ground, degrees True
2. T = True
3. Course over ground, degrees Magnetic
4. M = Magnetic
5. Speed over ground, knots
6. N = Knots
7. Speed over ground, km/hr
8. K = Kilometers Per Hour
9. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later)
10. Checksum

Note: in some older versions of NMEA 0183, the sentence looks like this:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3   4  5
         |  |  |   |  |
 $--VTG,x.x,x,x.x,x.x,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. True course over ground (degrees) 000 to 359
2. Magnetic course over ground 000 to 359
3. Speed over ground (knots) 00.0 to 99.9
4. Speed over ground (kilometers) 00.0 to 99.9
5. Checksum

The two forms can be distinguished by field 2, which will be
the fixed text 'T' in the newer form.  The new form appears
to have been introduced with NMEA 3.01 in 2002.

Some devices, such as those described in <<GLOBALSAT>>, leave the
magnetic-bearing fields 3 and 4 empty.

Example: $GPVTG,220.86,T,,M,2.550,N,4.724,K,A*34

=== VWR - Relative Wind Speed and Angle ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 9
         |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
 $--VWR,x.x,a,x.x,N,x.x,M,x.x,K*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Wind direction magnitude in degrees
2. Wind direction Left/Right of bow
3. Speed
4. N = Knots
5. Speed
6. M = Meters Per Second
7. Speed
8. K = Kilometers Per Hour
9. Checksum

=== WCV - Waypoint Closure Velocity ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3    4  5
        |   | |    |  |
 $--WCV,x.x,N,c--c,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Velocity, knots
2. N = knots
3. Waypoint ID
4. FAA Mode indicator, not null (NMEA 3 and above)
5. Checksum

=== WNC - Distance - Waypoint to Waypoint ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3   4 5    6    7
        |   | |   | |    |    |
 $--WNC,x.x,N,x.x,K,c--c,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Distance, Nautical Miles
2. N = Nautical Miles
3. Distance, Kilometers
4. K = Kilometers
5. TO Waypoint
6. FROM Waypoint
7. Checksum

=== WPL - Waypoint Location ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	1       2 3        4 5    6
        |       | |        | |    |
 $--WPL,llll.ll,a,yyyyy.yy,a,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Latitude
2. N or S (North or South)
3. Longitude
4. E or W (East or West)
5. Waypoint name
6. Checksum

=== XDR - Transducer Measurement ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2   3 4            n
        | |   | |            |
 $--XDR,a,x.x,a,c--c, ..... *hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Transducer Type
2. Measurement Data
3. Units of measurement
4. Name of transducer

There may be any number of quadruplets like this, each describing a
sensor.  The last field will be a checksum as usual.

Example:

$HCXDR,A,171,D,PITCH,A,-37,D,ROLL,G,367,,MAGX,G,2420,,MAGY,G,-8984,,MAGZ*41

=== XTE - Cross-Track Error, Measured ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1 2 3   4 5 6   7
        | | |   | | |   |
 $--XTE,A,A,x.x,a,N,m,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Status
     - A - Valid
     - V = Loran-C Blink or SNR warning
     - V = general warning flag or other navigation systems when a reliable
         fix is not available
2. Status
     - V = Loran-C Cycle Lock warning flag
     - A = Valid
3. Cross Track Error Magnitude
4. Direction to steer, L or R
5. Cross Track Units, N = Nautical Miles
6. FAA mode indicator (NMEA 2.3 and later, optional)
7. Checksum

Example: $GPXTE,V,V,,,N,S*43

=== XTR - Cross Track Error - Dead Reckoning ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1   2 3 4
        |   | | |
 $--XTR,x.x,a,N*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Magnitude of cross track error
2. Direction to steer, L or R
3. Units, N = Nautical Miles
4. Checksum

=== ZDA - Time & Date - UTC, day, month, year and local time zone ===

This is one of the sentences commonly emitted by GPS units.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1         2  3  4    5  6  7
        |         |  |  |    |  |  |
 $--ZDA,hhmmss.ss,xx,xx,xxxx,xx,xx*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC time (hours, minutes, seconds, may have fractional subseconds)
2. Day, 01 to 31
3. Month, 01 to 12
4. Year (4 digits)
5. Local zone description, 00 to +- 13 hours
6. Local zone minutes description, 00 to 59, apply same sign as local hours
7. Checksum

Example: $GPZDA,160012.71,11,03,2004,-1,00*7D

=== ZFO - UTC & Time from origin Waypoint ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1         2         3    4
        |         |         |    |
 $--ZFO,hhmmss.ss,hhmmss.ss,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)
2. Elapsed Time
3. Origin Waypoint ID
4. Checksum

=== ZTG - UTC & Time to Destination Waypoint ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1         2         3    4
        |         |         |    |
 $--ZTG,hhmmss.ss,hhmmss.ss,c--c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. UTC of observation
2. Time Remaining
3. Destination Waypoint ID
4. Checksum

=== Other sentences ===

There is evidence for the existence of the following NMEA sentences
on the Web:

|======================================================
|ACK - Alarm Acknowledgement
|ADS - Automatic Device Status
|AKD - Acknowledge Detail Alarm Condition
|ALA - Set Detail Alarm Condition
|ASD - Autopilot System Data
|BEC - Bearing & Distance to Waypoint - Dead Reckoning
|CEK - Configure Encryption Key Command
|COP - Configure the Operational Period, Command
|CUR - Water Current Layer
|DCR - Device Capability Report
|DDC - Display Dimming Control
|DOR - Door Status Detection
|DSC - Digital Selective Calling Information
|DSE - Extended DSC
|DSI - DSC Transponder Initiate
|DSR - DSC Transponder Response
|ETL - Engine Telegraph Operation Status
|EVE - General Event Message
|FIR - Fire Detection
|MWD - Wind Direction & Speed
|WDR - Distance to Waypoint - Rhumb Line
|WDC - Distance to Waypoint - Great Circle
|ZDL - Time and Distance to Variable Point
|======================================================

$CDDSC is described in <<CDDSC>>.

== Vendor extensions ==

This list is very incomplete.

=== PASHR - RT300 proprietary roll and pitch sentence ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1           2   3    4      5      6     7     8     9  10 11 12
         |           |   |    |      |      |     |     |     |   | |  |
$PASHR,hhmmss.sss,hhh.hh,T,rrr.rr,ppp.pp,xxx.xx,a.aaa,b.bbb,c.ccc,d,e*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field number:

1.  hhmmss.sss - UTC time
2.  hhh.hh - Heading in degrees
3.  T - flag to indicate that the Heading is True Heading (i.e. to True North)
4.  rrr.rr - Roll Angle in degrees
5.  ppp.pp - Pitch Angle in degrees
6.  xxx.xx - Heave
7.  a.aaa - Roll Angle Accuracy Estimate (Stdev) in degrees
8.  b.bbb - Pitch Angle Accuracy Estimate (Stdev) in degrees
9.  c.ccc - Heading Angle Accuracy Estimate (Stdev) in degrees
10. d - Aiding Status
11. e - IMU Status
12. hh - Checksum

<<PASHR>> describes this sentence as NMEA, though other sources say it
is Ashtech proprietary and describe a different format.

Example:

$PASHR,085335.000,224.19,T,-01.26,+00.83,+00.00,0.101,0.113,0.267,1,0*06

=== PGRME - Garmin Estimated Error ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1  2  3  4  5  6  7
        |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 $PGRME,hhh,M,vvv,M,ttt,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Estimated horizontal position error (HPE),
2. M=meters
3. Estimated vertical position error (VPE)
4. M=meters
5. Overall spherical equivalent position error
6. M=meters
7. Checksum

Example: $PGRME,15.0,M,45.0,M,25.0,M*22

=== PGRMZ - Garmin Altitude ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        1  2  3  4
        |  |  |  |
 $PGRMZ,hhh,f,M*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Current Altitude Feet
2. f=feet
3. Mode (1 = no fix, 2 = 2D fix, 3 = 3D fix)
4. Checksum

Example:  $PGRMZ,2282,f,3*21

=== PMGNST - Magellan Status ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          1   2 3  4    5    6  7    8
          |   | |  |    |    |  |    |
 $PMGNST,xx.xx,m,t,nnn,xx.xx,nnn,nn,c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Field Number:

1. Firmware version number?
2. Mode (1 = no fix, 2 = 2D fix, 3 = 3D fix)
3. T if we have a fix
4. Numbers change - unknown
5. Time left on the GPS battery in hours
6. Numbers change (freq. compensation?)
7. PRN number receiving current focus
8. nmea_checksum

Only supported on Magellan receivers.

=== PRWIZCH - Rockwell Channel Status ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 $PRWIZCH,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,n,s,c*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fields consist of 12 pairs of a satellite PRN followed by a
signal quality number in the range 0-7 (0 worst, 7 best).

Only emitted by the now-obsolete Zodiac (Rockwell) chipset.

=== PUBX 00 - u-blox Lat/Long Position Data ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 $PUBX,00,hhmmss.ss,Latitude,N,Longitude,E,AltRef,NavStat,Hacc,Vacc,SOG,COG,Vvel,+ageC,HDOP,VDOP,TDOP,GU,RU,DR,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example:

$PUBX,00,081350.00,4717.113210,N,00833.915187,E,546.589,G3,2.1,2.0,0.007,77.52,0+.007,,0.92,1.19,0.77,9,0,0*5F<CR><LF>

Only emitted by u-blox Antaris chipset.

=== PUBX 01 - u-blox UTM Position Data ===

The $PUBX,01 is a UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator projection) version
of the $PUBX,00 sentence.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$PUBX,01,hhmmss.ss,Easting,E,Northing,N,AltMSL,NavStat,Hacc,Vacc,SOG,COG,Vvel,ag+eC,HDOP,VDOP,TDOP,GU,RU,DR,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example:

$PUBX,01,075142.00,467125.245,E,5236949.763,N,498.235,G3,2.1,1.9,0.005,85.63,0.0+00,,0.78,0.90,0.52,12,0,0*65

Only emitted by u-blox Antaris chipset.

=== PUBX 03 - u-blox Satellite Status ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 $PUBX,03,GT{,ID,s,AZM,EL,SN,LK},*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example:

$PUBX,03,11,23,-,,,45,010,29,-,,,46,013,07,-,,,42,015,08,U,067,31,42,025,10,U,19+5,33,46,026,18,U,326,08,39,026,17,-,,,32,015,26,U,306,66,48,025,27,U,073,10,36,+026,28,U,089,61,46,024,15,-,,,39,014*0D

Only emitted by u-blox Antaris chipset.

(There's no PUBX 02)

=== PUBX 04 - u-blox Time of Day and Clock Information ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$PUBX,04,hhmmss.ss,ddmmyy,UTC_TOW,week,reserved,Clk_B,Clk_D,PG,*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example:

$PUBX,04,073731.00,091202,113851.00,1196,113851.00,1930035,-2660.664,43,*3C<CR><+LF>

Only emitted by u-blox Antaris chipset.

=== TMVTD - Transas VTS / SML tracking system report ===

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$TMVTD,DDMMYY,hhmmss.ss,a,xxxx,c—c,llll.llll,a,yyyyy.yyyy,a,x.x,a,x.x,a,a*hh<CR><LF>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

‘TM’ indicates message generated by SML tracking system.  ‘VTD’ is
name of the message.

Field Number:

1. Day/month/year (two-digit year, unknown base century)
2. Hour/minute/second to 0.1 sec precision, UTC.
3. ‘R’ indicates that this is an update for a radar track. No other
   values are valid
4. Internal unique ID number. Can’t be changed even when target is
   re-identified
5. Target alias. Can be changed when the target identification data is
   edited.  Symbols “$”, “*” “,” and “.”  are not allowed to be used
   within the alias word. This field is variable length, at most 21v
   characters.
6. Latitude in degrees (two leading digits) and decimal minutes
   (trailing digits).
7. N or S for North or South latitude.
8. Longitude in degrees (three leading digits) and decimal minutes
   (trailing digits).
9. E or W for East or West longitude.
10. Target course in decimal degrees.
11. Fixed to T, indicates true course.
12. Target speed in decimal knots.
13. Fixed to N, indicates decimal speed in knots.
14. T or D. T = tracked, D = dropped. Message with status
    “dropped” is sent only once after target is dropped.
15. NMEA checksum.

Transas is a mnanufacturer of proprietary ECDIS systems.

Described in <<MALTESE>>, actually a Maltese government document.

== References ==

[bibliography]
- [[[BETKE]]]
    "The NMEA 0183 protocol"
    http://www.scribd.com/mcocco/d/6365285-The-NMEA-0183-Protocol
    Probably the ancestor of this document. Compiled by Klaus Betke
    and dated May 2000 with a revision in 2001.

- [[[CANBUS]]]
  "Wikipedia: CAN bus"
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus

- [[[NMEA2000]]]
  "Wikipedia: NMEA 2000"
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMEA_2000

- [[[KEVERSOFT]]]
  http://www.keversoft.com/downloads/packetlogger_20120305_explain.txt

- [[[DEPRIEST]]]
    "NMEA data"
    http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm
    Used for PMGNST and the FAA mode code.

- [[[MX521]]]
    "MX521 GPS/DGPS Sensor Installation Manual"
    http://www.mx-marine.com/downloads/MX521_Install_manual_051804.pdf
    Used for GBS, GRS.

- [[[MX535]]]
    "MX535 UAIS Ship Borne Class A Transponder Unit Technical & Installation Manual"
    http://www.mx-marine.com/downloads/mx535/MX535_Tech_Manual_Rev_E.pdf
    Used for GNS.

- [[[ZODIAC]]]
    "Zodiac Serial Data Interface Specification"
    http://users.rcn.com/mardor/serial.pdf
    Used for PRWIZCH.

- [[[GH79L4N]]]
    "Specifications for GPS Receiver GH-79L4-N"
    http://www.tecsys.de/db/gps/gh79l1an_intant.pdf
    Used for GPDTM.

- [[[GIDS]]]
    "GPS - NMEA sentence information"
    http://aprs.gids.nl/nmea/
    Used for BWC, MSK, MSS.

- [[[NMEAFAQ]]]
    "The NMEA FAQ"
    http://vancouver-webpages.com/peter/nmeafaq.txt
    Used for R00.

- [[[UNMEA]]]
    "Understanding NMEA 0183"
    http://pcptpp030.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/trafficresearch/NMEA0183/
    Source for the claim that NMEA requires undefined data fields to
    be empty.

- [[[NTUM]]]
    "NemaTalker User Manual"
    http://www.sailsoft.nl/NemaTalker/UserManual/InstrGPS.htm
    Source for the claim that Mode Indicator dominates Status.

- [[[IEC61162-1]]]
    "International Standard IEC 61162-1" (preview)
    http://domino.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61162-1%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf

- [[[SEATALK]]]
    "SeaTalk Technical Reference"
    http://www.thomasknauf.de/seatalk.htm

- [[[SATSTAT]]] "NMEA IDs" https://github.com/mvglasow/satstat/wiki/NMEA-IDs

- [[[PASHR]]]
    "News - NMEA PASHR Output Format Added"
    http://www.oxts.com/default.asp?pageRef=76&newsID=69

- [[[WAAS]]]
    "WAAS Information"
    http://gpsinformation.net/exe/waas.html

- [[[PPS]]]
    "Pulse per second"
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_per_second

- [[[MALTESE]]]
  "Procurement of a Fixed-Wing Maritime Patrol Aircraft"
  https://secure2.gov.mt/eprocurement/Tenders/file.ashx?f=9832DB05E65C774258580284031EC72CC315D954A7108B5E.

- [[NMEA-ADVANCE]]
  "NMEA 0183 Advancements" (describes 'P' value of FAA mode)
  http://www.nmea.org/Assets/0183_advancements_nmea_oct_1_2010%20(2).pdf

- [[CDDSC]]
  "Data Interface in Digital Selective Calling Class-D Radios"
  http://continuouswave.com/whaler/reference/DSC_Datagrams.html

- [[ANON]]
  Anonymous commentator(s) are persons who have volunteered information
  about the NMEA standard(s) but do not wish to be identified.

- [[[NORWAY]]]
  "Etterretninger for sjøfarende" Notices to Mariners, see p26
  https://kartverket.no/efs-documents/editions/2015/efs01-2015.pdf

- [[[TALKERS]]]
  "Talker Identifier Mnemonics"
  https://www.nmea.org/Assets/NMEA%200183%20Talker%20Identifier%20Mnemonics.pdf