upekux/nbis/libmindtct/binar.c

/*******************************************************************************

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This software and/or related materials was developed to promote biometric
standards and biometric technology testing for the Federal Government
in accordance with the USA PATRIOT Act and the Enhanced Border Security
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In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement
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*******************************************************************************/


/***********************************************************************
      LIBRARY: LFS - NIST Latent Fingerprint System

      FILE:    BINAR.C
      AUTHOR:  Michael D. Garris
      DATE:    03/16/1999
      UPDATED: 10/04/1999 Version 2 by MDG
      UPDATED: 03/16/2005 by MDG

      Contains routines responsible for binarizing a grayscale image based
      on an arbitrarily-sized image and its precomputed direcitonal ridge
      flow (IMAP) as part of the NIST Latent Fingerprint System (LFS).

***********************************************************************
               ROUTINES:
                        binarize()
                        binarize_V2()
			binarize_image()
			binarize_image_V2()
                        dirbinarize()
                        isobinarize()

***********************************************************************/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "lfs.h"

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: binarize - Takes a padded grayscale input image and its associated ridge
#cat:              direction flow NMAP and produces a binarized version of the
#cat:              image.  It then fills horizontal and vertical "holes" in the
#cat:              binary image results.

   Input:
      pdata    - padded input grayscale image
      pw       - padded width (in pixels) of input image
      ph       - padded height (in pixels) of input image
      nmap     - 2-D vector of IMAP directions and other codes
      mw       - width (in blocks) of the NMAP
      mh       - height (in blocks) of the NMAP
      dirbingrids - set of rotated grid offsets used for directional
              binarization
      lfsparms - parameters and thresholds for controlling LFS
   Output:
      optr  - points to created (unpadded) binary image
      ow    - width of binary image
      oh    - height of binary image
   Return Code:
      Zero     - successful completion
      Negative - system error
**************************************************************************/
int binarize(unsigned char **optr, int *ow, int *oh,
          unsigned char *pdata, const int pw, const int ph,
          int *nmap, const int mw, const int mh,
          const ROTGRIDS *dirbingrids, const LFSPARMS *lfsparms)
{
   unsigned char *bdata;
   int i, bw, bh, ret; /* return code */

   /* 1. Binarize the padded input image using NMAP information. */
   if((ret = binarize_image(&bdata, &bw, &bh, pdata, pw, ph,
                         nmap, mw, mh, lfsparms->blocksize,
                         dirbingrids, lfsparms->isobin_grid_dim))){
      return(ret);
   }

   /* 2. Fill black and white holes in binary image. */
   /* LFS scans the binary image, filling holes, 3 times. */
   for(i = 0; i < lfsparms->num_fill_holes; i++)
      fill_holes(bdata, bw, bh);

   /* Return binarized input image. */
   *optr = bdata;
   *ow = bw;
   *oh = bh;
   return(0);
}

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: binarize_V2 - Takes a padded grayscale input image and its associated
#cat:              Direction Map and produces a binarized version of the
#cat:              image.  It then fills horizontal and vertical "holes" in
#cat:              the binary image results.  Note that the input image must
#cat:              be padded sufficiently to contain in memory rotated
#cat:              directional binarization grids applied to pixels along the
#cat:              perimeter of the input image.

   Input:
      pdata       - padded input grayscale image
      pw          - padded width (in pixels) of input image
      ph          - padded height (in pixels) of input image
      direction_map - 2-D vector of discrete ridge flow directions
      mw          - width (in blocks) of the map
      mh          - height (in blocks) of the map
      dirbingrids - set of rotated grid offsets used for directional
                    binarization
      lfsparms    - parameters and thresholds for controlling LFS
   Output:
      odata - points to created (unpadded) binary image
      ow    - width of binary image
      oh    - height of binary image
   Return Code:
      Zero     - successful completion
      Negative - system error
**************************************************************************/
int binarize_V2(unsigned char **odata, int *ow, int *oh,
          unsigned char *pdata, const int pw, const int ph,
          int *direction_map, const int mw, const int mh,
          const ROTGRIDS *dirbingrids, const LFSPARMS *lfsparms)
{
   unsigned char *bdata;
   int i, bw, bh, ret; /* return code */

   /* 1. Binarize the padded input image using directional block info. */
   if((ret = binarize_image_V2(&bdata, &bw, &bh, pdata, pw, ph,
                            direction_map, mw, mh,
                            lfsparms->blocksize, dirbingrids))){
      return(ret);
   }

   /* 2. Fill black and white holes in binary image. */
   /* LFS scans the binary image, filling holes, 3 times. */
   for(i = 0; i < lfsparms->num_fill_holes; i++)
      fill_holes(bdata, bw, bh);

   /* Return binarized input image. */
   *odata = bdata;
   *ow = bw;
   *oh = bh;
   return(0);
}

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: binarize_image - Takes a grayscale input image and its associated
#cat:                  NMAP and generates a binarized version of the image.

   Input:
      pdata - padded input grayscale image
      pw    - padded width (in pixels) of input image
      ph    - padded height (in pixels) of input image
      nmap  - 2-D vector of IMAP directions and other codes
      mw    - width (in blocks) of the NMAP
      mh    - height (in blocks) of the NMAP
      imap_blocksize - dimension (in pixels) of each NMAP block
      dirbingrids - set of rotated grid offsets used for directional
              binarization
      isobin_grid_dim - dimension (in pixels) of grid used for isotropic
              binarization
   Output:
      optr  - points to binary image results
      ow    - points to binary image width
      oh    - points to binary image height
   Return Code:
      Zero     - successful completion
      Negative - system error
**************************************************************************/
int binarize_image(unsigned char **optr, int *ow, int *oh,
                   unsigned char *pdata, const int pw, const int ph,
                   const int *nmap, const int mw, const int mh,
                   const int imap_blocksize, const ROTGRIDS *dirbingrids,
                   const int isobin_grid_dim)
{
   int ix, iy, bw, bh, bx, by, nmapval;
   unsigned char *bdata, *bptr;
   unsigned char *pptr, *spptr;

   /* Compute dimensions of "unpadded" binary image results. */
   bw = pw - (dirbingrids->pad<<1);
   bh = ph - (dirbingrids->pad<<1);

   bdata = (unsigned char *)malloc(bw*bh*sizeof(unsigned char));
   if(bdata == (unsigned char *)NULL){
      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR : binarize_image : malloc : bdata\n");
      return(-110);
   }

   bptr = bdata;
   spptr = pdata + (dirbingrids->pad * pw) + dirbingrids->pad;
   for(iy = 0; iy < bh; iy++){
      /* Set pixel pointer to start of next row in grid. */
      pptr = spptr;
      for(ix = 0; ix < bw; ix++){
         /* Compute which block the current pixel is in. */
         bx = (int)(ix/imap_blocksize);
         by = (int)(iy/imap_blocksize);
         /* Get corresponding value in NMAP */
         nmapval = *(nmap + (by*mw) + bx);
         /* If current block has no neighboring blocks with */
         /* VALID directions ...                            */
         if(nmapval == NO_VALID_NBRS)
            /* Set binary pixel to white (255). */
            *bptr = WHITE_PIXEL;
         /* Otherwise, if block's NMAP has a valid direction ... */
         else if(nmapval >= 0)
            /* Use directional binarization based on NMAP direction. */
            *bptr = dirbinarize(pptr, nmapval, dirbingrids);
         else
            /* Otherwise, the block's NMAP is either INVALID or */
            /* HIGH-CURVATURE, so use isotropic binarization.    */
            *bptr = isobinarize(pptr, pw, ph, isobin_grid_dim);
         /* Bump input and output pixel pointers. */
         pptr++;
         bptr++;
      }
      /* Bump pointer to the next row in padded input image. */
      spptr += pw;
   }

   *optr = bdata;
   *ow = bw;
   *oh = bh;
   return(0);
}

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: binarize_image_V2 - Takes a grayscale input image and its associated
#cat:              Direction Map and generates a binarized version of the
#cat:              image.  Note that there is no "Isotropic" binarization
#cat:              used in this version.

   Input:
      pdata       - padded input grayscale image
      pw          - padded width (in pixels) of input image
      ph          - padded height (in pixels) of input image
      direction_map - 2-D vector of discrete ridge flow directions
      mw          - width (in blocks) of the map
      mh          - height (in blocks) of the map
      blocksize   - dimension (in pixels) of each NMAP block
      dirbingrids - set of rotated grid offsets used for directional
                    binarization
   Output:
      odata  - points to binary image results
      ow     - points to binary image width
      oh     - points to binary image height
   Return Code:
      Zero     - successful completion
      Negative - system error
**************************************************************************/
int binarize_image_V2(unsigned char **odata, int *ow, int *oh,
                   unsigned char *pdata, const int pw, const int ph,
                   const int *direction_map, const int mw, const int mh,
                   const int blocksize, const ROTGRIDS *dirbingrids)
{
   int ix, iy, bw, bh, bx, by, mapval;
   unsigned char *bdata, *bptr;
   unsigned char *pptr, *spptr;

   /* Compute dimensions of "unpadded" binary image results. */
   bw = pw - (dirbingrids->pad<<1);
   bh = ph - (dirbingrids->pad<<1);

   bdata = (unsigned char *)malloc(bw*bh*sizeof(unsigned char));
   if(bdata == (unsigned char *)NULL){
      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR : binarize_image_V2 : malloc : bdata\n");
      return(-600);
   }

   bptr = bdata;
   spptr = pdata + (dirbingrids->pad * pw) + dirbingrids->pad;
   for(iy = 0; iy < bh; iy++){
      /* Set pixel pointer to start of next row in grid. */
      pptr = spptr;
      for(ix = 0; ix < bw; ix++){

         /* Compute which block the current pixel is in. */
         bx = (int)(ix/blocksize);
         by = (int)(iy/blocksize);
         /* Get corresponding value in Direction Map. */
         mapval = *(direction_map + (by*mw) + bx);
         /* If current block has has INVALID direction ... */
         if(mapval == INVALID_DIR)
            /* Set binary pixel to white (255). */
            *bptr = WHITE_PIXEL;
         /* Otherwise, if block has a valid direction ... */
         else /*if(mapval >= 0)*/
            /* Use directional binarization based on block's direction. */
            *bptr = dirbinarize(pptr, mapval, dirbingrids);

         /* Bump input and output pixel pointers. */
         pptr++;
         bptr++;
      }
      /* Bump pointer to the next row in padded input image. */
      spptr += pw;
   }

   *odata = bdata;
   *ow = bw;
   *oh = bh;
   return(0);
}

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: dirbinarize - Determines the binary value of a grayscale pixel based
#cat:               on a VALID IMAP ridge flow direction.

   CAUTION: The image to which the input pixel points must be appropriately
            padded to account for the radius of the rotated grid.  Otherwise,
            this routine may access "unkown" memory.

   Input:
      pptr        - pointer to current grayscale pixel
      idir        - IMAP integer direction associated with the block the
                    current is in
      dirbingrids - set of precomputed rotated grid offsets
   Return Code:
      BLACK_PIXEL - pixel intensity for BLACK
      WHITE_PIXEL - pixel intensity of WHITE
**************************************************************************/
int dirbinarize(const unsigned char *pptr, const int idir,
                const ROTGRIDS *dirbingrids)
{
   int gx, gy, gi, cy;
   int rsum, gsum, csum = 0;
   int *grid;
   double dcy;

   /* Assign nickname pointer. */
   grid = dirbingrids->grids[idir];
   /* Calculate center (0-oriented) row in grid. */
   dcy = (dirbingrids->grid_h-1)/(double)2.0;
   /* Need to truncate precision so that answers are consistent */
   /* on different computer architectures when rounding doubles. */
   dcy = trunc_dbl_precision(dcy, TRUNC_SCALE);
   cy = sround(dcy);
   /* Initialize grid's pixel offset index to zero. */
   gi = 0;
   /* Initialize grid's pixel accumulator to zero */
   gsum = 0;

   /* Foreach row in grid ... */
   for(gy = 0; gy < dirbingrids->grid_h; gy++){
      /* Initialize row pixel sum to zero. */
      rsum = 0;
      /* Foreach column in grid ... */
      for(gx = 0; gx < dirbingrids->grid_w; gx++){
         /* Accumulate next pixel along rotated row in grid. */
         rsum += *(pptr+grid[gi]);
         /* Bump grid's pixel offset index. */
         gi++;
      }
      /* Accumulate row sum into grid pixel sum. */
      gsum += rsum;
      /* If current row is center row, then save row sum separately. */
      if(gy == cy)
         csum = rsum;
   }

   /* If the center row sum treated as an average is less than the */
   /* total pixel sum in the rotated grid ...                      */
   if((csum * dirbingrids->grid_h) < gsum)
      /* Set the binary pixel to BLACK. */
      return(BLACK_PIXEL);
   else
      /* Otherwise set the binary pixel to WHITE. */
      return(WHITE_PIXEL);
}

/*************************************************************************
**************************************************************************
#cat: isobinarize - Determines the binary value of a grayscale pixel based
#cat:               on comparing the grayscale value with a surrounding
#cat:               neighborhood grid of pixels.  If the current pixel (treated
#cat:               as an average) is less than the sum of the pixels in
#cat:               the neighborhood, then the binary value is set to BLACK,
#cat:               otherwise it is set to WHITE.  This binarization technique
#cat:               is used when there is no VALID IMAP direction for the
#cat:               block in which the current pixel resides.

   CAUTION: The image to which the input pixel points must be appropriately
            padded to account for the radius of the neighborhood.  Otherwise,
            this routine may access "unkown" memory.

   Input:
      pptr - pointer to curent grayscale pixel
      pw   - padded width (in pixels) of the grayscale image
      ph   - padded height (in pixels) of the grayscale image
      isobin_grid_dim - dimension (in pixels) of the neighborhood
   Return Code:
      BLACK_PIXEL - pixel intensity for BLACK
      WHITE_PIXEL - pixel intensity of WHITE
**************************************************************************/
int isobinarize(unsigned char *pptr, const int pw, const int ph,
                const int isobin_grid_dim)
{
   unsigned char *sptr, *cptr;
   int px, py;
   int radius;
   int bsum;
   double drad;

   /* Initialize grid pixel sum to zero. */
   bsum = 0;
   /* Compute radius from current pixel based on isobin_grid_dim. */
   drad = (isobin_grid_dim - 1)/(double)2.0;
   /* Need to truncate precision so that answers are consistent */
   /* on different computer architectures when rounding doubles. */
   drad = trunc_dbl_precision(drad, TRUNC_SCALE);
   radius = sround(drad);
   /* Set pointer to origin of grid centered on the current pixel. */
   sptr = pptr - (radius*pw) - radius;

   /* For each row in the grid ... */
   for(py = 0; py < isobin_grid_dim; py++){
      /* Set pixel pointer to start of next row in grid. */
      cptr = sptr;
      /* For each column in the grid ... */
      for(px = 0; px < isobin_grid_dim; px++){
         /* Accumulate next pixel in the grid. */
         bsum += *cptr;
         /* Bump pixel pointer. */
         cptr++;
      }
      /* Bump to the start of the next row in the grid. */
      sptr += pw;
   }

   /* If current (center) pixel when treated as an average for the   */
   /* entire grid is less than the total pixel sum of the grid ... */
   if((*pptr * isobin_grid_dim * isobin_grid_dim) < bsum)
      /* Set the binary pixel to BLACK. */
      return(BLACK_PIXEL);
   else
      /* Otherwise, set the binary pixel to WHITE. */
      return(WHITE_PIXEL);
}