THE PONDICHERRY (EXTENSION OF LAWS) ACT, 1968 
__________ 

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 
___________ 

SECTIONS 

1.  Short title. 
2.  Definitions. 
3.  Extension with amendments of certain laws to Pondicherry and their commencement therein. 
4.  Repeal and saving. 
5.  Extension of rules, orders, etc., under certain laws. 
6.  Rules of construction. 
7.  Power to remove difficulties. 

THE SCHEDULE. 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
THE PONDICHERRY (EXTENSION OF LAWS) ACT, 1968 

ACT NO. 26 OF 1968 

[24th May, 1968.] 

An Act to extend certain Central Acts to the Union territory of Pondicherry. 

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Nineteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows:— 

 1. Short title.—This Act may be called the Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act, 1968. 

2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,— 

(a) “Act” means an Act or the Ordinance specified in the Schedule; 

(b)  “Administrator”  means  the  administrator  of  Pondicherry  appointed  by  the  President  under 

article 239 of the Constitution; 

(c) “Pondicherry” means the Union territory of Pondicherry. 

3.  Extension  with  amendments  of  certain  laws  to  Pondicherry  and  their  commencement 
therein.—(1) The Acts specified in Part I of the Schedule as they are generally in force in the territories 
to which they extend and the Acts specified in Part II of the Schedule as they were in force on the 1st day 
of  August,  1966,  in  the  State  or  Union  territory  mentioned  there  against  shall  extend  to  Pondicherry, 
subject to the modifications, if any, specified in the Schedule. 

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), or in the relevant provision, if any, of each 
such  Act  for  the  commencement  thereof,  the  provisions  of  each  such  Act  shall  come  into  force  in 
Pondicherry on such date as the Administrator may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint: 

Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of any Act and any reference 
in any such provision to the commencement of the Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming 
into force of that provision. 

4. Repeal and saving.—(1) Any law in force in Pondicherry or any area thereof corresponding to any 
Act referred to in sub-section (1) of section 3 or any part thereof (except in so far as such law continues to 
be  applicable  to  Renoncants)  shall  stand  repealed  as  from  the  coming  into  force  of  such  Act  in 
Pondicherry. 

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall effect— 

(a) the previous operation of any law so repealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder; or 

(b)  any  right,  privilege,  obligation  or  liability  acquired,  accrued  or  incurred  under  any  law  so 

repealed; or 

(c)  any  penalty,  forfeiture  or  punishment  incurred  in  respect  of  any  offence  committed  against 

any law so repealed; or 

(d)  any  investigation,  legal  proceeding  or  remedy  in  respect  of  any  such  right,  privilege, 

obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid, 

and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced and any 
such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed as if this Act has not been passed: 

Provided  that  anything  done  or  any  action  taken  (including  any  appointment  or  delegation  made, 
notification, instruction or direction issued, form, bye-law or scheme framed, certificate obtained, permit 
or  licene  granted,  or  registration  effected)  under  any  such  law,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  done  or 
taken  under  the  corresponding  provision  of  the  Act  extended  to  Pondicherry  by  this  Act  and  shall 
continue  to  be  in  force  accordingly  unless  and  until  superseded  by  anything  done  or  any  action  taken 
under the said Act. 

2 

 
 
 
5. Extension of rules, orders, etc., under certain laws.—All rules, notifications, orders, regulations 
and bye-laws made or issued by the Central Government under the provisions of any Act generally for the 
territories to which such Act extends shall, as from the commencement of the provisions of such Act in 
Pondicherry, extend to, and come into force in, Pondicherry. 

6. Rules of construction.—(1) In any Act or in any of the rules, notifications, orders, regulations and 

bye-laws made or issued thereunder and extended to Pondicherry by this Act,— 

(a) any reference to any provision of law not in force, or to any functionary not in existence, in 
Pondicherry  shall  be  construed  as  a  reference  to  the  corresponding  law  in  force,  or  to  the 
corresponding functionary in existence, in that Union territory: 

Provided that— 

(i) if any question arises as to who such corresponding functionary is, or 

(ii)  if  there is  no such  corresponding  functionary,  the  Administrator  shall  decide  as  to  who 

such functionary will be and his decision shall be final; 

(b)  any  reference  to  the  State  Government  shall  be  construed  as  a  reference  to  the  Central 

Government and also as including a reference to the Administrator. 

(2) For the purpose of facilitating the application in relation to Pondicherry of any Act or any rule, 
notification,  order,  regulation  or  bye-law  made  or  issued  thereunder,  any  court  or  other  authority  may 
construe it in such manner, not affecting the substance, as may be necessary or proper to adapt it to the 
matter before the court or other authority. 

7.  Power  to  remove  difficulties.—If  any  difficulty  arises  in  giving  effect  in  Pondicherry  to  the 
provisions of any Act extended by this Act to Pondicherry, the Central Government may, as occasion may 
require,  by  order,  make  such  provisions  or  give  such  directions  not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of 
such Act as appear to it to be necessary for the purpose of removing the difficulty and any such order may 
provide for the transfer of any matter pending before any court, tribunal or other authority immediately 
before the commencement of such Act in Pondicherry to any corresponding court, tribunal or authority 
for disposal: 

Provided that no such order shall be made under this section in respect of any Act after the expiration 
of two years from the date on which such Act comes into force in Pondicherry and in respect of an Act, 
the provisions of which are brought into force in Pondicherry on different dates, the period of two years 
shall  be  reckoned  with  reference  to  the  commencement  of  the  relevant  provision  as  specified  in  the 
proviso to sub-section (2) of section 3. 

Modifications 

4 

THE SCHEDULE 

[See section 3(1)] 

PART I 

Year  No. 

1 

2 

Short title 

3 

1839 

32  The Interest Act, 1839. 

1850 

12  The Public Accountants‟ Default Act, 

1850. 

1850 

18  The Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850.   

1850 

21  The Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850.    

1851 

8  The Indian Tolls Act, 1851. 

3 

 
  
  
  
 
 
Year  No. 

1 

2 

1855 

12 

Short title 

3 

Modifications 

4 

The Legal Representatives‟ Suits  
Act, 1855. 

1855 

13 

The Indian Fatal Accidents Act, 1855. 

1856 

9 

The Indian Bills of Lading Act, 1856. 

1856 

12 

The Civil Courts Amins Act, 1856. 

1859 

9 

The Forfeiture Act, 1859. 

1863 

1864 

23 

15 

The Waste Lands (Claims) Act, 1863. 

The Indian Tolls Act, 1864. 

1865 

3 

The Carriers Act, 1865. 

1866 

21 

The Converts‟ Marriage Dissolution  
Act, 1866. 

1872 

9 

The Indian Contract Act, 1872. 

1872 

15 

The Indian Christian Marriage  
Act, 1872. 

After section 1, insert:— 

“2.  Nothing  contained  in  this  Act  shall 
apply  to  saving  the  Renoncants  of  the 
Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

In section 1, at the end, insert:— 

“Provided that nothing contained in this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

1873 

10 

The Indian Oaths Act, 1873. 

1875 

9 

The Indian Majority Act, 1875. 

In section 1, at the end insert:— 

“Provided that nothing contained in this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

1880 

1 

The Religious Societies Act, 1880. 

1880 

1880 

1882 

1882 

1882 

1887 

1887 

12 

13 

4 

5 

7 

7 

9 

The Kazis Act, 1880. 

The Vaccination Act, 1880. 

The Transfer of Property Act, 1882. 

The Indian Easements Act, 1882. 

The Powers-of-Attorney Act, 1882. 

The Suits Valuation Act, 1887. 

The Provincial Small Cause Courts Act, 
1887. 

1890 

1 

The Revenue Recovery Act, 1890. 

4 

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
Year  No. 

1 

2 

Short title 

3 

Modifications 

4 

1890 

8 

The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. 

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“Provided that nothing contained in this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”  

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“Provided that nothing contained in this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

1891 

18 

The Bankers‟ Books Evidence Act, 1891. 

1893 

1894 

1897 

1899 

1900 

4 

9 

3 

4 

3 

The Partition Act, 1893. 

The Prisons Act, 1894. 

The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897. 

The Government Buildings Act, 1899. 

The Prisoners Act, 1900. 

1908 

16 

The Indian Registration Act, 1908. 

1914 

9 

The Local Authorities Loans Act, 1914. 

1916 

15 

The Hindu Disposition of Property  
Act, 1916. 

1917 

5 

The Destruction of Records Act, 1917. 

1918 

1919 

10 

12 

The Usurious Loans Act, 1918. 

The Poisons Act, 1919. 

1920 

5 

The Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920. 

1920 

1920 

10 

15 

The Indian Securities Act, 1920. 

The indian Red Cross Society Act, 1920. 

1920 

33 

The Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920. 

1921 

18 

The Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act, 
1921. 

1922 

7 

The Emigration Act, 1922. 

1922 

22 

The Police(incitement to Disaffection)Act, 
1922. 

1923 

5 

The Indian Boilers Act, 1923. 

1928 

12 

The Hindu Inheritance (Removal of 
Disabilities) Act, 1928. 

In  section  1,  in  sub-section  (3),  add  at  the 
end:— 

“or  to  the  Renoncants  of  the  Union 

territory of Pondicherry.”. 

5 

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
Year  No. 

1 

2 

Short title 

3 

1929 

19 

The Child Marriage Restraint  
Act, 1929. 

Modifications 

4 

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“Provided  that  nothing  contained  in  this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

1930 

3 

The Sale of Goods Act, 1930. 

1930 

30 

The Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930.    

1936 

3 

The Parsi Marriage and Divorce  
Act, 1936. 

In section 1, in sub-section (2), after the 
proviso, insert:— 

“Provided  further  that  nothing  contained 
in 
the 
this  Act  shall  apply 
Renoncants  of  the  Union  territory  of 
Pondicherry.”. 

to 

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert: 

“Provided  that  nothing  contained  in  this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“Provided  that  nothing  contained  in  this 
Act  shall  apply  to  the  Renoncants  of 
the Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

1937 

26 

The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat), 
Application Act, 1937. 

1939 

8 

The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages 
Act, 1939. 

1939 

30 

The Commercial Documents Evidence 
Act, 1939. 

1940 

10 

The Arbitration Act, 1940. 

1943 

9 

The Reciprocity Act, 1943. 

1944 

38 

The Criminal Law Amendment 
Ordinance, 1944. 

1945 

... 

The International Monetary Fund and 
Bank Act,1945. 

1947 

43 

The United Nations(Security Council) 
Act, 1947. 

1947 

46 

The United Nations (Privileges and 
Immunities) Act, 1947. 

1948 

41 

The Diplomatic and Consular Officers 
(Oaths and Fees) Act, 1948. 

1950 

29 

The Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950. 

6 

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
Year  No. 

1 

2 

1950 

64 

Short title 

3 

Modifications 

4 

The Road Transport Corporations  
Act, 1950. 

1950 

74 

The Telegraph Wires (Unlawful 
Possession) Act, 1950. 

1951 

1951 

1951 

1952 

1952 

1954 

1955 

1955 

1955 

50 

54 

61 

35 

53 

29 

32 

42 

45 

The Tariff Commission Act, 1951. 

The Companies (Donations to National 
Funds) Act, 1951. 

The All-India Services Act, 1951. 

The Mines Act, 1952. 

The Notaries Act, 1952. 

The Wakf Act, 1954. 

The Prisoners (Attendance in Courts)  
Act, 1955. 

The Prize Competitions Act, 1955. 

The Working Journalists (Conditions of 
Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions  
Act, 1955. 

1956 

3 

The University Grants Commission  
Act, 1956. 

1956 

31 

The Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956.    

1956 

32 

The Hindu Minority and Guardianship  
Act, 1 956. 

1956 

42 

The Securities Contracts (Regulation)  
Act, 1956. 

1956 

78 

The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance 
Act, 1956. 

In section 3, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“(2A) Notwithstanding anything contained in 
sub-section (1), nothing contained in this 
Act shall apply to the Renoncants of the 
Union territory of Pondicherry.”. 

In section 2, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“(2A) Notwithstanding anything contained 
in  sub-section  (1),  nothing  contained 
the 
in 
Renoncants  of  the  Union  territory  of 
Pondicherry.”. 

this  Act  shall  apply 

to 

1956 

93 

The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) 
Act, 1956. 

7 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
Year 

No. 

1 

2 

1956 

96 

Short title 

3 

Modifications 

4 

The Slum Areas (Improvement and 
Clearance) Act, 1956. 

1956 

104 

The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in 
Women and Girls Act, 1956. 

1958 

1958 

20 

21 

1958 

29 

1958 

42 

The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958. 

The Rice-Milling Industry (Regulation) 
Act, 1958. 

The Working Journalists (Fixation of 
Rates of Wages) Act, 1958. 

The International Finance Corporation 
(Status, Immunities and Privileges)  
Act, 1958. 

1960 

6 

The Geneva Conventions Act, 1960. 

1960 

32 

The International Development 
Association (Status, Immunities and 
Privileges) Act, 1960. 

1960 

63 

The Preference Shares (Regulation of 
Dividends) Act, 1960. 

8 

In section 1, after sub-section (2), insert:— 

“(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in 
sub-section  (2),  the  provisions  of  this 
Act  shall,  in  their  application  to  the 
Union  territory  of  Pondicherry,  have 
effect  subject 
the  modifications 
specified in the Schedule.”. 

to 

After section 7, add:— 
THE SCHEDULE 
[See section 1(3)] 
Modifications of the Act in its application to 
the Union territory of Pondicherry 
1. Sections 3 and 4 shall be omitted. 
2.  In  section  4A,  for  the  words,  brackets, 
letters  and  figures  “twenty-seven  and  a  half 
per cent. of the aggregate of (i) the stipulated 
dividend, and (ii) an amount equal to eleven 
per  cent.  of  the  stipulated  dividend  as 
specified in sub-section (3) of section 3”, the 
following shall be substituted, namely:— 

“twenty-seven  and  a  half  per  cent.  of  the 
stipulated dividend: 

Provided that in a case where the preference 
shares  in  respect  of  which  dividend  is 
declared  or  paid  from  part  of  the  preference 
share capital of a company which, in respect 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year 

No. 

1 

2 

Short title 

3 

1961 

25 

The Advocates Act, 1961 

9 

Modifications 

the 

from 

to  a  deduction 

4 
of  the  greater  part  of  its  total  income,  is 
tax 
entitled 
chargeable from it under the Income-tax Act, 
1961  (43  of  1961),  under  a  notification 
issued  by  the  Central  Government  under 
section  294A  of  that  Act,  the  reference  to 
twenty-seven  and  a  half  per  cent.  of  the 
stipulated  dividend  shall  be  construed  as  a 
reference to— 
(i) where the stipulated dividend in respect of 
such  preference  share  is  declared  or  paid  in 
respect  of  the  previous  year  relevant  to  the 
assessment  year  commencing  on  the  1st day 
of  April,  1965,  the  said  twenty-seven  and  a 
half  per  cent.  asreduced  by  forty-five  per 
cent. thereof; 
(ii)  where  such  dividend  is  declared  or  paid 
in respect of the previous year relevant to the 
assessment  year  commencing  on  the  1st day 
of  April,  1966,  the  said  twenty-seven  and  a 
half  per  cent.  as  reduced  by  twenty-five  per 
cent. thereof; 
(iii)  wheresuch  dividend  is  declared  or  paid 
in respect of the previous year relevant to the 
assessment  year  commencing  on  the  1st day 
of April, 1967, or the 1st day of April, 1968, 
or the 1st day of April, 1969, the said twenty-
seven  and  a  half per  cent. as reduced by  ten 
per cent. thereof. 
Explanation.—For the removal of doubts it is 
hereby  declared  that  any  reference  in  this 
section  to  deduction  made  from  a  dividend 
on account of the income-tax payable by the 
include  any  amount 
company  does  not 
deducted by the company from that dividend 
under  section  194  of  the  Income-tax  Act, 
1961 (43 of 1961).”. 
3.  In  section  5,  sub-section  (2)  shall  be 
omitted. 
4. Section 6 shall be omitted.‟. 
In section 3. in sub-section (1),— 
(1) in clause (a), omit, “Madras”; 
(2) 
(inserted  by 
Regulation  8  of  1963)  as  clause  (ccc)  and 
before the clause as so re-lettered, insert:— 
“(cc)  for  the  State  of  Madras  and  the  Union 
territory  of  Pondicherry  to  be  known  as  the 
Bar Council of Madras.”. 
After Section 58A, insert :— 
“58AA. Special Provisions in relation to the 
Union Territory of Pondicherry.— 

re-letter  clause 

(cc) 

 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
Modifications 

4 
(1)  Notwithstanding  anything  contained  in 
this Act, all persons who, immediately before 
the  date  on  which  the  provisions  of  Chapter 
III  are  brought  into  force  in  the  Union 
territory  of  Pondicherry,  were  entitled  to 
practise  the  profession  of  law  (whether  by 
way of pleading or acting or both) under any 
law  in  force  in  the  said  Union  territory  or 
who  would  have  been  so  entitled  had  they 
not  been  in  public  service  on  the  said  date, 
shall  for  the  purposes  of  clause  (a)  of  sub-
section  (1)  of  section  17,  be  deemed  to  be 
persons  who  were  entered  as  advocates  on 
the roll of a High Court under the Indian Bar 
Councils  Act,  1926,  (38  of  1926)  and  every 
such  person  may,  on  an  application  made  in 
this  behalf  within  such  time  as  may  be 
specified  by  the  Bar  Council  of  Madras,  be 
admitted  as  an  advocate  on  the  State  roll 
maintained  in  respect  of  the  said  Union 
territory. 
(2)  Notwithstanding  anything  contained  in 
this  Act,  every  person  who,  immediately 
before  the  date  on  which  the  provisions  of 
Chapter  IV  are  brought  into  force  in  the 
Union 
territory  of  Pondicherry,  was 
practising  the  profession  of  law  (whether  by 
way  of  pleading  or  acting  or  both  or  in  any 
other way) by virtue of the provisions of any 
law in force in the said Union territory, who 
does not elect to be or is not qualified to be, 
enrolled 
under  
sub-section  (1),  shall,  notwithstanding  the 
repeal of the relevant provisions of such law 
by the Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act, 
1968,  continue  to  enjoy  the  same  rights  as 
respects  practice  in  any  court  or  revenue 
office  or  before  any  authority  or  person 
andbe  subject  to  the  disciplinary  jurisdiction 
of  the  same  authority  which  he  enjoyed,  or, 
as the case may be, to which he was subject, 
immediately  before 
the  said  date  and 
accordingly  the  relevant  provisions  of  the 
law  aforesaid  shall  have  effect  in  relation  to 
such  persons  as  if  they  had  not  been 
repealed.” 

advocate 

an 

as 

Year 

No. 

1 

2 

Short title 

3 

1961 

1961 

28 

45 

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 196l. 

The Foreign Awards (Recognition and 
Enforcement) Act, 1961. 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year 

No. 

Short title 

PART II 

In force in a State  
or a Union 
Territory 

Modifications 

3 

4 

5 

1 

1870 

2 

7 

The Court-fees  
Act, 1870. 

1899 

2 

The Indian 
Stamp Act, 
1899. 

In section 2, for clause (b), substitute:— 

„(b) “State Government” in relation to 
the Union territory of Pondicherry means 
the administrator thereof.‟. 

In section 2, after clause (25), insert:— 

(26) “State Government” in relation to 
the Union territory of Pondicherry 
means the administrator thereof.‟. 

In section 3, omit the first and second 

provisos. 

In section 19A,— 

(a) for “Presidency of Madras”, 
substitute “Union territory of 
Pondicherry”; 

(b) for“Presidency” substitute “Union 

territory”. 

In section 57, in sub-section (1), omit 
“and” at the end of clause (d) and 
after clause (e) insert: — 
“(ee) if it arises in the Union territory 
of Pondicherry, to the High Court 
of Madras.”.  

In section 75 A, for sub-section (2), 
substitute :— 
“(2)  Every  rule  made  under  this  Act 
shall,  as  soon  as  may  be  after  it  is 
made,  be  laid  before  the  Legislative 
Assembly  while  it  is  in  session  for  a 
total  period  of  fourteen  days  which 
may be comprised in one session or in 
two  successive  sessions,  and  if  before 
the expiry of the session in which it is 
so  laid  or  the  session  immediately 
following,  the  Legislative  Assembly 
makes  any  modification  in  the  rule  or 
decides  that  any  such  rule  should  not 
be made, that rule shall thereafter have 
effect only in such modified form or be 
of  no  effect,  as  the  case  may  be;so, 
however, that any such modification or 
annulment  shall  be  without  prejudice 
to  the  validity  of  anything  previously 
done after under that rule.”. 

As in force in the 
Union territory of 
Andaman and  
Nicobar Islands  
on the 1st day of 
August, 1966. 

As in force in the  
State of Madras on  
the 1st day of 
August, 1966. 

11 

 
Year 

No. 

Short title 

In force in a State  
or a Union 
Territory 

Modifications 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1908 

5 

The Code of 
Civil Procedure, 
1908 

As in force in the 
State of  
Madras on the  
1st day of  
August, 1966. 

In Schedule 1— 

(i) in entry 9, omit the Exemption; 

(ii)  in  entry  15,  for  “Madras  Court-
fees  and  Suits  Valuation  Act,  1955 
(Madras Act XIV of 1955)”, substitute 
“Court-fees Act, 1870 (7 of 1870)”; 

(iii) omit entry 20A; 

(iv)  in  entry  62,  in  clause  (d),  for 
“Administrator  General‟s  Act,  1913 
(Central Act III of 1913), section 25”, 
substitute“Administrators-General  
Act, 1963 (45 of 1963), section 22.”. 

After section 45, insert :— 

  “45A. Execution of decrees, etc., passed 
or made before the commencement of the 
Code  in  Pondicherry.—Any  judgment, 
decree  or  order  passed  or  made  before 
the  commencement  of  this  Code  by  any 
civil  court  in  the  Union  territory  of 
Pondicherry  shall,  for  the  purpose  of 
execution,  be  deemed  to  have  been 
passed or made under this Code: 

Provided  that  nothing  contained  in  this 
section  shall  be  construed  as  extending 
the  period  of  limitation  to  which  any 
proceeding  in  respect  of  such  judgment, 
decree or order may be subject.”. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
