# Qi manual

## Table of Contents

- Qi manual
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Invocation
  - 2.1 Environment
  - 2.2 Notes
- 3 The qirc file
- 4 Packages
  - 4.1 Adding packages
  - 4.2 Removing packages
  - 4.3 Upgrading packages
  - 4.4 Notes
- 5 Recipes
  - 5.1 Variables
    - 5.1.1 Special variables
    - 5.1.2 Variables from the environment
  - 5.2 The meta file
  - 5.3 Building packages
  - 5.4 Writing recipes
    - 5.4.1 Internal functions
- 6 Order files
  - 6.1 The depends file
- 7 Examine packages
- 8 Messages
- 9 Exit status
- Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
- Index

## Qi manual

This manual is for Qi (version 1.0-rc4, 30 Jan 2017).

Copyright © 2015-2017 Matias A. Fonzo, Argentina, Santiago del Estero.

The Qi home page can be found at http://www.dragora.org. Send bug reports or suggestions to dragora-users@nongnu.org.

## 1 Introduction

Qi is a source builder and a package manager:

It contains a set of (individual) tools to build, install, remove, and upgrade software packages. It follows the philosophy of simplicity without adding too many features, such as those that can be found in popular package managers. Basically it does two things: builds packages and manages them.

Qi constructs the sources using recipe names, files that contain specific instructions to build every source. As result, a binary package is obtained which can be installed, removed, upgraded, or inspected in the system.

The packages are managed thanks to an external tool called graft(1), which provides a mechanism for managing multiple packages under a single directory hierarchy, it was inspired by both Depot (Carnegie Mellon University) and Stow (Bob Glickstein). In this aspect, Qi complements Graft: it can work with packages, check them, solve conflicts, and more...

## 2 Invocation

The synopsis to invoke Qi is:

         pkg<action> [options] [package|recipe|order] ...

The following commands or actions are supported by Qi:

‘`pkghelp`’
  Shows the help.
‘`pkgadd`’
  Add the packages to the system using graft(1) for linking.
‘`pkgremove`’
  Remove the packages from the system.
‘`pkgupgrade`’
  Upgrade software packages.
‘`pkgbuild`’
  Build packages using recipe files.
‘`pkgorder`’
  Resolves the build order through .order files.
‘`pkgerupt`’
  Examine packages for debugging purposes.

  Global options

  There are global or common options for the commands, as well as specific to each one.

‘`-h`’
  Show options for the given command and exit.

  Options for command ‘`pkgadd`’:
‘`-f`’
  Force package installation (implies -p).
‘`-P`’
  Extract package on an installation tree.

  This option sets ‘`${packagedir}`’.

  Default value: PREFIX/pkg

‘`-p`’
  Prune conflicts.
‘`-t`’
  Target directory for linking.

  This option sets ‘`${targetdir}`’.

  Default value: /

‘`-V`’
  graft(1) very verbose.
‘`-w`’
  Warn about the files that will be linked.

  Options for command ‘`pkgremove`’:
‘`-k`’
  Keep (don't delete) package directory.
‘`-P`’
  Remove from an installation tree.

  This option sets ‘`${packagedir}`’.

  Default value: PREFIX/pkg

‘`-p`’
  Prune conflicts.
‘`-t`’
  Target directory for unlinking.

  This option sets ‘`${targetdir}`’.

  Default value: /

‘`-V`’
  graft(1) very verbose.

  Options for command ‘`pkgupgrade`’:
‘`-k`’
  Keep (don't delete) package directory.
‘`-P`’
  Package installation tree.

  This option sets ‘`${packagedir}`’.

  Default value: PREFIX/pkg

‘`-t`’
  Target directory.

  This option sets ‘`${targetdir}`’.

  Default value: /

‘`-V`’
  Enable (very) verbose mode.
‘`-w`’
  Warn about packages that will be upgraded.

  Options for command ‘`pkgbuild`’:
‘`-a`’
  Architecture to use.

  This option sets ‘`${arch}`’.

  Default value is obtained via uname(1) as ‘`uname -m`’.

‘`-i`’
  Increment release number.

  This option increment the release number when a package is produced.

‘`-j`’
  Parallel jobs for the compiler

  This option sets ‘`${jobs}`’.

  Default value: 1

‘`-k`’
  Keep (don't delete) ‘`${srcdir}`’ and ‘`${destdir}`’.
‘`-n`’
  Don't create a .tlz package.
‘`-o`’
  Where the produced packages are written.

  This option sets ‘`${outdir}`’.

  Default value: /var/cache/qi/packages

‘`-U`’
  Perform package upgrade after build.

  This option calls to `pkgupgrade`.

  Options for command ‘`pkgorder`’:
‘`-x`’
  Exclude depends file.

  ### 2.1 Environment

  Some influential environment variables:

‘`QICFLAGS`’
  C compiler flags for building packages.

  Default value: "-g0 -Os"

‘`QICXXFLAGS`’
  C++ compiler flags for building packages.

  Default value: "-g0 -Os"

‘`QILDFLAGS`’
  Linker flags for building packages.

  Default value: -s

‘`DOPOST`’
  post-install script control variable.

  The `DOPOST` variable is currently used for `pkgadd`, `pkgupgrade`, `pkgbuild` (when option -U is given).

  A different value than "DOPOST" omits the execution of the post-install script (if any).

‘`RC`’
  Runtime configuration file.

  A different value than "RC" overrides the configuration file.

  This is used by: `pkgadd`, `pkgremove`, `pkgupgrade`, `pkgbuild`.

‘`TMPDIR`’
  Temporary directory (by default /tmp).

  `TMPDIR` is expanded with random numbers for major security.

  This is used by: `pkgbuild`, `pkgerupt`.

### 2.2 Notes

- Command names has been prefixed with ‘`pkg`’ to facilitate the set in relation to its purpose.
- The PREFIX reference is related with the installation prefix of Qi.
- All the options can be mixed. Options specified in the command-line have priority over the config file `qirc`. If there are no options, and if `qirc` is not present, default (internal) values will be used instead.

## 3 The qirc file

`qirc` is the configuration file for Qi used at runtime during the installation, removal of a package or when a recipe is built. This file is optional, and it can be useful to define variables and configure external tools (such as a download manager) for default use.

- Variables are declared as ‘`name=value`’.
- Declaration of values should only take one line, no line break.
- Assignments like ‘`name=$var`’ are only interpreted as literal.

The options specified in the command-line can override the values specified in the configuration file. For more information, see Invocation.

The order in which Qi looks for this file is:

1. `${HOME}/.qirc` Effective user.
2. ‘`${sysconfdir}/qirc`’ System-wide.

If you intend to run Qi for a specific user, you should copy the file ‘`${sysconfdir}/qirc`’ to `${HOME}/.qirc` setting ‘`${packagedir}`’ and ‘`${targetdir}`’ for your `$HOME`.

## 4 Packages

A package is a suite of programs usually distributed in binary form which may also contain manual pages, documentation, or any other file associated to a specific software.

The Qi package format is a simple redistributable tar(1) archive compressed with lzip(1). The package extension ends in ".tlz".

Both package installation and package deinstallation are managed using ‘`${packagedir}`’ and ‘`${targetdir}`’:

‘`${packagedir}`’ is a common directory tree where the package contents is decompressed (resides). By default the tree is located at PREFIX/pkg.

‘`${targetdir}`’ is a target directory where the links will be made taking ‘`${packagedir}/package_name`’ into account.

Packages are installed in self-contained directory trees and symbolic links from a common area are made to the package files. This allows multiple versions of the same package to co-exist on the one system.

All the links to install or to remove a package are managed using graft(1). Since multiple packages can be installed or removed at the same time, certain conflicts may arise between the packages.

According to the User's Guide of Graft1, a conflict is defined as one of the following conditions:

- If the package object is a directory and the target object exists but is not a directory.
- If the package object is not a directory and the target object exists and is not a symbolic link.
- If the package object is not a directory and the target object exists and is a symbolic link to something other than the package object.

Qi's default behavior is to not proceed with the installation when a conflict occurs. But when a package that is going to be removed is in conflict with another package, graft(1) removes those parts that are not in conflict, leaving the links belonging to the original package. This behavior can be changed if the option -p is specified (see the examples below).

### 4.1 Adding packages

This sort order is particularly useful just before the actual package installation, because it helps to understand how the package installation works:

1. Detects and reports if the package is already installed.
2. Ignores some signals up to completing the installation: HUP INT QUIT ABRT TERM.
3. The integrity of the file (package) is checked.
4. Creates required directory for the package as ‘`${packagedir}/package_name`’.
5. Decompress the content of the package in ‘`${packagedir}/package_name`’.
6. A test of the package is performed before completing the installation to see if there are no conflicts with another package. This is the default behavior if -p is not supplied.
7. graft(1) is invoked to install symbolic links from the package installation directory to the target directory.
8. If the meta file is readable, the description will be shown for the package.
9. Run post install instructions from `post-install`, if any.

Usage: pkgadd [-hfpVw] [-P <DIR>] [-t <DIR>] [package.tlz ...]

To install a single package, simply type:

         pkgadd coreutils-8.24-x86_64+1.tlz

To install multiple packages at once:

         pkgadd gcc-4.9.3-x86_64+1.tlz rafaela-2.2-i586+1.tlz ...

Warn about the files that will be linked:

         pkgadd -w gcc-4.9.3-x86_64+1.tlz

- This is to verify the content of a package before installing it.

See what happens when a package is installed (very verbose):

         pkgadd -V mariana-3.0-x86_64+1.tlz

- This is for a detailed (long) output.

Installing in a different directory tree and target:

         pkgadd -P /tmp/pkgdir -T /tmp/targetdir lzip-1.17-i586+1.tlz

When a package is already installed, `pkgadd` refuses to continue. This is to keep some control over the database of your packages, if you really want to force the installation of a package, you can use the -f option (which implies -p). See below.

Pruning conflicts

Remove objects (files, links or directories) from the target directory that are in conflict with the package directory:

         pkgadd -p zutils-1.4-x86_64+1.tlz

When the -p option is used, it proceeds to install the package normally, but first will try to remove any conflict. Use it with care, combine this option with -V.

### 4.2 Removing packages

This sort order is particularly useful just before the actual package deinstallation, because it helps to understand how the package deinstallation works:

1. Look for a package name to remove inside of ‘`${packagedir}`’. Package names must be specified using the full package name, such as "name-version-arch+release.tlz" or specifying the package name directory.
2. Ignores some signals up to completing the deinstallation: HUP INT QUIT ABRT TERM.
3. graft(1) is invoked to remove symbolic links from the package installation directory to the target directory:

   If a conflict exists with another package, those links that are not in conflict will be preserved. It's possible to prune all the conflicts using the -p option.

4. Remove directories made empty by package deletion. This has effect on ‘`${targetdir}`’ but not for ‘`${packagedir}`’.
5. The package directory is deleted if the option -k is not supplied.

Usage: pkgremove [-hkpV] [-P <DIR>] [-t <DIR>] [package_name ...]

To remove a package, just execute the command:

         pkgremove xz-5.2.2-x86_64+1

To remove multiple versions of the same package:

         pkgremove xz*

To remove multiple packages at once:

         pkgremove foo bar baz ...

Detailed output (very verbose):

         pkgremove -V xz-5.2.2-x86_64+1

Removing from a different directory tree and target:

         pkgremove -P /tmp/pkgdir -T /tmp/targetdir lzip-1.17-x86_64+1

Pruning conflicts:

         pkgremove -p -V hunter

### 4.3 Upgrading packages

This sort order is particularly useful just before the actual package upgrade, because it helps to understand how the package upgrade works:

1. Prepare temporary location for the incoming package.
2. Pre-install incoming package into the temporary location.
3. Remove packages under the same name: this is considered as the old packages. (Default behaviour if -k is not supplied).
4. Upgrade or install the package calling to `pkgadd`.
5. Delete temporary location of the package.

Usage: pkgupgrade [-hkVw] [-P <DIR>] [-t <DIR>] [package.tlz ...]

Upgrading a package is simple as:

         pkgupgrade coreutils-8.25-x86_64+1.tlz

‘`pkgupgrade`’ uses `pkgadd` and `pkgremove` to upgrade software packages. So it inherits the properties of each utility, except here, only the essential options are provided. For example, the option -V (for a detailed output) belongs to when these utilities are invoked. The options -P and -t work in the same way as the previous examples for `pkgadd`, `pkgremove`. ‘`pkgupgrade`’ will try to update the package or to install it (in case it has not been installed).

To see what packages will be updated (if any), always type:

         pkgupgrade -w coreutils-8.25-x86_64+1.tlz

### 4.4 Notes

- Some signals like HUP INT QUIT ABRT TERM are ignored on the package installation or deinstallation. The intention is to ignore the cancellation while the package is being installed or removed (e.g. Ctrl+C, terminal window closed, etc.). The installation or removal of a package can be crucial for the proper functioning of the system.
- The meta file is read from the directory where the package is found.
- A post-install script is read from ‘`${packagedir}/package_name/var/lib/qi/post-install/name.install`’.
- Default behavior is to upgrade or install a package removing old packages, this is "packages found under the same name". If you want to preserve the multiple versions of the same package, you must pass the -k option.

## 5 Recipes

A recipe is a file telling qi what to do. Most often, the recipe tells qi how to build a binary package from a source tarball.

A recipe has two parts: a list of variable definitions and a list of sections. By convention, the syntax of a section is:

         section_name() {
           section lines
         }

The section name is followed by parentheses, one space and an opening brace. The line finishing the section contains just a closing brace. The section names or the function names currently recognized are ‘`build`’.

The ‘`build`’ section is an augmented shell script. This is the main section (or shell function) which contains the instructions to build and produce a package.

### 5.1 Variables

A "variable" is a shell variable defined either in `qirc` or in a recipe to represent a string of text, called the variable's "value". These values are substituted by explicit request in the definitions of other variables or in calls to external commands.

Variables can represent lists of file names, options to pass to compilers, programs to run, directories to look in for source files, directories to write output in, or anything else you can imagine.

Definitions of variables in qi have four levels of precedence. Options which define variables from the command-line override those specified in the `qirc` file, while variables defined in the recipe override those specified in `qirc`, taking priority over those variables settled by options via command-line. Finally, some variables (arch, jobs, outdir, worktree, tardir, netget, rsync) have default values if they are not defined anywhere.

Options that set variables through the command-line can only reference variables defined in `qirc` and variables with default values.

Definitions of variables in `qirc` can only reference variables previously defined in `qirc` and variables with default values.

Definitions of variables in the recipe can only reference variables settled by command-line, variables previously defined in the recipe, variables defined in `qirc`, and variables with default values.

#### 5.1.1 Special variables

The three variables ‘`arch`’, ‘`jobs`’, and ‘`outdir`’ can only be set using command line options or in `qirc`. If not specified, they have default values.

‘`arch`’ is the architecture to compose the package name. Its value is available in the recipe as ‘`${arch}`’. Default value is the output of ‘`uname -m`’.

‘`jobs`’ is the number of jobs to pass to the compiler. Its default value is available in the recipe as ‘`${jobs}`’. Defaults to ‘`1`’.

‘`outdir`’ is the directory where the produced packages are written. This variable cannot be redefined in the recipe. Defaults to ‘`/var/cache/qi/packages`’.

‘`worktree`’ is the working tree where archives, patches, and recipes are expected. This variable cannot be redefined in the recipe. Defaults to ‘`/usr/src/qi`’.

The variable ‘`tardir`’ is defined in the recipe to the directory where the tarball containing the source can be found. The full name of the tarball is commonly used as ‘`${tardir}/$tarname`’. A value of ‘`.`’ for ‘`tardir`’ sets it to the value of the CWD (Current Working Directory), this means, from where the recipe is located.

The two variables ‘`srcdir`’ and ‘`destdir`’ can be defined in the recipe, as any other variable, but if they are not, Qi uses default values for them when building the package.

‘`srcdir`’ contains the source code to be compiled, and defaults to ‘`${program}-${version}`’.

‘`destdir`’ is the place where the built package will be installed, and defaults to ‘`${TMPDIR}/package-${program}`’.

If ‘`pkgname`’ is left undefined, the special variable ‘`program`’ is assigned by default. If ‘`pkgversion`’ is left undefined, the special variable ‘`version`’ is assigned by default.

‘`pkgname`’, ‘`pkgversion`’, along with ‘`version`’, ‘`arch`’, and ‘`release`’, are used to produce the name of the package in the form ‘`${pkgname}-${pkgversion}-${arch}+${release}.tlz`’. All of them must be defined in the recipe, excepting ‘`arch`’, which is optional.

- ‘`program`’: name of the package.
- ‘`version`’: version of the package.
- ‘`arch`’: architecture of the package.
- ‘`release`’: release number of the package. It is recommended to increase this number after any significant change in the recipe is made.

Obtaining sources over the network must be declared in the recipe using the ‘`fetch`’ variable. Use double quotes for separated values.

The variables ‘`netget`’ and ‘`rsync`’ can be defined in `qirc` to establish a network downloader in order to get the sources. If they are not defined, qi uses default values:

‘`netget`’ is the general network downloader tool for use, and defaults to ‘`wget -c -w1 -t3 --no-check-certificate`’.

‘`rsync`’ is the network tool for sources containing the prefix for the RSYNC protocol, and defaults to ‘`rsync -v -a -L -z -i --progress`’.

There are three important variables to produce meta information of the package: ‘`description`’, ‘`homepage`’, ‘`license`’.

The variable ‘`description`’ is special to write the description of the package, which will be shown when installed.

A description has two parts: a brief description and a long description. By convention, the syntax of a description is:

         description="
         Brief description.

         Long description.
         "

The first (substantial) line of the value is a brief description of the software (called the "blurb"). A new (blank) line is followed to separate the brief description from the long description.

An example looks like:

         description="
         A source builder and a package manager.

         Qi is a source builder and a package manager.  It contains a set of
         tools to build, install, remove, and upgrade software packages.

         Qi follows the philosophy of the simplicity without adding too many
         features, such as those that can be found in popular package managers.
         Basically it does two things: builds packages and manages them.
         "

- Consider a length limit of 78 characters as maximum. See The meta file.

The ‘`homepage`’ variable is used simply to declare the main site or home of the source, thus:

         homepage=http://www.dragora.org

The variable ‘`license`’ is used for license information2. Some code in the program can be covered by license A, license B, or license C. For "separate licensing" or "heterogeneous licensing", we suggest using | for a disjunction, & for a conjunction (if that ever happens in a significant way), and comma for heterogeneous licensing. Comma would have lower precedence. Plus added special terms.

         license="LGPL, GPL | Artistic, GPL + added permission"

#### 5.1.2 Variables from the environment

The variables `QICFLAGS`, `QICXXFLAGS`, and `QILDFLAGS` have no effect by default. The environment variables such as `CFLAGS`, `CXXFLAGS`, and `LDFLAGS` are unset at compile time.

Recommended practices is to set variables in front of ‘`configure`’ or in front of make(1) instead of exporting to the environment. As follows:

> Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the environment passed to configure. However, some packages may run configure again during the build, and the customized values of these variables may be lost. In order to avoid this problem, you should set them in the configure command line, using ‘`VAR=value`’. For example:

> `./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc`

> http://gnu.org/savannah-checkouts/gnu/autoconf/manual/autoconf-2.69/html_node/Defining-Variables.html

> Indeed, while configure can notice the definition of CC in ‘`./configure CC=bizarre-cc`’, it is impossible to notice it in ‘`CC=bizarre-cc ./configure`’, which, unfortunately, is what most users do.

> [...]

> configure: error: changes in the environment can compromise the build.

> http://gnu.org/savannah-checkouts/gnu/autoconf/manual/autoconf-2.69/html_node/Setting-Output-Variables.html

> It is not wise for makefiles to depend for their functioning on environment variables set up outside their control, since this would cause different users to get different results from the same makefile. This is against the whole purpose of most makefiles.

> http://gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Environment

### 5.2 The meta file

The "meta file" is an external file created by `pkgbuild` when a recipe is processed and when a package is produced. The file is generated as ‘`${full_pkgname}.tlz.txt`’ which contains information about the package such as ‘`program`’, ‘`version`’, ‘`release`’. Also definitions of the special variables ‘`fetch`’, ‘`description`’, ‘`homepage`’, ‘`license`’.

A meta file has the purpose to extract information and the purpose to reflect essential information to the user without having to check inside the package itself.

The meta file is basically composed as:

         # Description

         variable=value
         ...

The description is extracted from the declared variable ‘`description`’, where each line is interpreted literally and where the description is pre-formatted to fit in (exactly) 80 columns. Plus ‘`#` ’ is prepend to each line.

Followed by new line, the rest is composed by variables; the inclusion of its values, may vary. For example, in addition to the special variables, there are implicit variables such as ‘`blurb`’, ‘`depends`’.

The ‘`blurb`’ variable is related to the special variable ‘`description`’. Always taking the first (substantial) line or "brief description".

The value of ‘`depends`’ only will be included if the `depends` file is a regular file. See The depends file.

Now let's take a look on a real example of a meta file:

         # A lossless data compressor based on the LZMA algorithm.
         #
         # Clzip is a lossless data compressor with a user interface similar to
         # the one of gzip or bzip2.  Clzip is about as fast as gzip, compresses
         # most files more than bzip2, and is better than both from a data
         # recovery perspective.
         #
         # Clzip uses the lzip file format; the files produced by clzip are fully
         # compatible with lzip-1.4 or newer, and can be rescued with lziprecover.
         #
         # Clzip is in fact a C language version of lzip, intended for embedded
         # devices or systems lacking a C++ compiler.

         QICFLAGS="-g0 -Os"
         QICXXFLAGS="-g0 -Os"
         QILDFLAGS="-s"
         program=clzip
         version=1.8
         release=1
         blurb="A lossless data compressor based on the LZMA algorithm."
         homepage="http://lzip.nongnu.org/clzip.html"
         license="GPLv2+"
         fetch="http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/lzip/clzip/clzip-1.8.tar.gz"
         depends=" "

Creation of the meta file is made in ‘`${outdir}`’.

### 5.3 Building packages

This sort order is particularly useful just before the actual package build, because it helps to understand how a package is being built:

1. A recipe is read from the current directory, if not, it will be looked in ‘`${worktree}/recipes`’. Names of recipes can be invoked relative to ‘`${worktree}/recipes`’. The recipe must be a regular file and must be readable by the user who is running the command.
2. Checks are made when the recipe is imported (included), essential variable names cannot be empty: ‘`program`’, ‘`version`’, ‘`release`’. Also the main function ‘`build()`’ must be present.
3. `pkgbuild` tries to obtain the sources remotely if it does not exist locally (‘`${tardir}`’). Once the source is already in place, its timestamp is updated, creating or updating the SHA1 sum.
4. Required directories are created: ‘`${TMPDIR}/$srcdir`’, ‘`${outdir}`’, ‘`${destdir}/var/lib/qi/recipes`’.
5. Sane ownerships and permissions are applied to the full source directory: ‘`${TMPDIR}/$srcdir`’.
6. The main function ‘`build()`’ is called. Exits immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
7. A package is going to be created under the following conditions:
   - If ‘`${destdir}`’ is not empty.
   - If the option -n was not given.

   A copy of the recipe (file) is included on ‘`${destdir}/var/lib/qi/recipes`’ as ‘`${full_pkgname}.recipe`’.

   If the `post-install` script is in the current working directory or from where the recipe name resides, it will be added as ‘`${destdir}/var/lib/qi/post-install/${full_pkgname}.install`’.

   The package is produced from the content of ‘`${destdir}`’. First, creating a tarball, and then compressing it using the maximum level of compression of lzip(1).

8. By default, directories like ‘`${TMPDIR}/$srcdir`’ and ‘`${destdir}`’ are deleted.
9. If the option -U is given, `pkgupgrade` is invoked to install or upgrade the package.

Usage: pkgbuild [-hiknU] [-a <ARCH>] [-j <JOBS>] [-o <DIR>] [recipe ...]

To build a single package, simply type:

         pkgbuild clzip.recipe

Compile passing parallel jobs to the compiler for speed up the process:

         pkgbuild -j4 clzip.recipe

To build and install or upgrade multiple packages at once:

         pkgbuild -U clzip.recipe zutils.recipe matias.recipe

Reading recipes and building from the output of a command:

         cat depends | pkgbuild -

Incrementing the release number after a significant change in a recipe:

         pkgbuild -i stargazer.recipe

If the recipe name cannot be read from the current directory or from a specific path name, ‘`${worktree}/recipes`’ is used for the search:

There is a special case for the names of recipes ‘`recipe`’. `pkgbuild` can complete the recipe name without being required to be specified in the command-line, only if the name of the recipe is ‘`recipe`’. For example:

         pkgbuild devel/gcc

Will complete the search as ‘`${worktree}/recipes/devel/gcc/recipe`’.

### 5.4 Writing recipes

#### 5.4.1 Internal functions

Some internal functions are available to be applied on the recipe:

‘`unpack()`’
  The unpack function can decompress multiple (compressed) files while verifies the integrity. Depending on where the function is called, the decompression occurs in the current working directory.

  Usage: `unpack file(s) ...`

  The cases supported for the special extensions are: *.tar, *.tar.*, *.tgz*, *.tbz*, *.tlz*, *.txz*, *.zip, *.ZIP, *.gz, *.bz2, *.lz.

## 6 Order files

`pkgorder` has the purpose to resolve the build order through .order files. In other words, is a good complement for `pkgbuild`.

Usage: pkgorder [-x] [file_name.order ...]

Basically, `pkgorder` reads from a declared file which ends in ".order". The output is an ordered list of recipe names which can be passed to `pkgbuild` (via a pipe) to build a number or a series of packages.

Declaration

If 'a' depends on 'b' and 'c', and 'c' depends on 'b' as well, the file might look like:

         a.recipe: c.recipe b.recipe
         b.recipe:
         c.recipe: b.recipe

Each letter represents a recipe name, complete dependencies for the first recipe name are listed in descending order, which is printed from right to left, and removed from left to right:

Output

         b.recipe
         c.recipe
         a.recipe

- Commented lines starting with a '#' are allowed. Blank lines, colons, parentheses, and end of line are removed.

### 6.1 The depends file

When `pkgorder` read from an order file; by default, it will proceed to read the dependencies of each recipe. This behavior can be omitted if the -x option is given.

The procedure for reading the dependencies of each recipe is extracting the directory location where the order file resides. Then it iterates over the declared items extracting its location in search of the special file `depends`.

- The `depends` file only is read (sequentially) if it is a regular file and is not empty.

The special file `depends` must contain a list of prerequisites for the recipe. Prerequisites are names of valid recipes, including its location. The location must be relative to ‘`${worktree}`’ (variable described in Recipes).

Example of a `depends` file declared for bash.recipe:

         libs/readline/readline.recipe

Then, if core/bash/bash.recipe has been declared on core.order, the output would be:

         ...
         libs/readline/readline.recipe
         core/bash/bash.recipe
         ...

Combined in a pipe, readline represents the first dependency of bash:

         pkgorder core.order | pkgbuild -U -

## 7 Examine packages

`pkgerupt` is a special command to examine packages for debugging purposes.

Usage: pkgerupt [-h] [package.tlz ...]

When a package name is given `pkgerupt` will create a random directory for the package. The prefix directory where the random directory is created is controlled by the `TMPDIR` variable, by default `TMPDIR` is assigned to /tmp. Creation mode is "u=,g=rwx,o=rwx" (0700).

The extraction to inspecting a package is equivalent to the shell instruction:

         ( umask 000 && cd -- $PRVDIR && lzip -cd - | tar -xf - ) < $file

The package content is decompressed in the random (private) directory via pipe. Creation mode is "u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx" (0777).

If there is any substantial change, consider increasing the build number when repackaging: edit the value of the ‘`release`’ variable (recipe), compose the output file using the new number.

## 8 Messages

Some symbols are used for output messages to help to identify the messages shown by the tools in Qi. There are four simple categories where the symbols are represented:

Specifics

This symbols are unique to identify the running tool:

‘`+`’
  This symbol belongs to the `pkgadd` tool.
‘`-`’
  This symbol belongs to the `pkgremove` tool.
‘`~`’
  This symbol belongs to the `pkgupgrade` tool.
‘`#`’
  This symbol belongs to the `pkgbuild` tool.
‘`=`’
  This symbol belongs to the `pkgerupt` tool.
‘`%`’
  This symbol is used to scan a package or to warn when the option is used.

  Specific symbols are enclosed between ‘`( )`’.

Preventive

Preventive symbols are intended to alert the user about unforeseen or important situations, and to meet requirements before proceeding:

‘`*`’
  Normally used for testing compressed sources, obtain remote sources, or set system permissions.

  Preventive symbols are enclosed between ‘`[ ]`’.

Informative

Informative symbols are intended to inform users the most essential tasks during the execution:

‘`i`’
  Symbol used when a task is going to be performed or when a task has been completed.
‘`!`’
  This symbol informs about deleting files.

  Informative symbols are enclosed between ‘`[ ]`’.

Transitory

Transitory symbols are part for occasional changes (‘`@`’) but no less important. Also to invoke Qi tools externally (‘`^`’).

Transitory symbols are enclosed between ‘`{ }`’.

## 9 Exit status

All the conditions of exit codes are described in this chapter.

‘`0`’
  Successful completion (no errors).
‘`1`’
  Minor common errors:
  - Illegal option.
  - Option requires an argument.
  - Internal function to load not found.
  - Program (prerequisite) is not available.
‘`2`’
  Command execution error

  Evaluation of external commands or shell arguments. If it fails, returns 2.

‘`3`’
  Integrity check error for compressed files

  Compressed files means:

  - All the tarballs supported by tar(1).
  - Zip files supported by unzip(1).
  - Gzip files supported by gzip(1).
  - Bzip2 files supported by bzip2(1).
  - Lzip files supported by lzip(1).
‘`4`’
  File empty, not regular, or expected

  Commonly, it is expected:

  - A binary package (.tlz).
  - An installed package to remove.
  - A recipe file.
  - A file of order (.order).
‘`5`’
  Empty or not defined variable

  This exit code is used for reporting about empty or undefined variables. Usually, variables of the recipe or assigned arrays that are tested.

‘`6`’
  Package already installed

  The package directory for an incoming package already exists.

‘`10`’
  Network manager error

  Exit status from the execution of the network manager tool and its arguments.

Error messages are reported to the standard error.

## Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

         Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
         http://fsf.org/

         Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
         of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

   A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

   The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

   The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

   The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.

   A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

   The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
   2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
   3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
   4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
   5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
   6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
   7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
   8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
   9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
   10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
   11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
   12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
   13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
   14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
   15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

   However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

   Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

   Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

    The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

    Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

    “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

    “CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

    “Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

    An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

    The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

### ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

           Copyright (C)  year  your name.
           Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
           under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
           or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
           with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
           Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
           Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

             with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
             the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
             being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

## Index

- .order files: Order files
- adding packages: Packages
- building packages: Recipes
- environment: Invocation
- examine packages: Examine packages
- exit codes: Exit status
- internal functions: Recipes
- introduction: Introduction
- invocation: Invocation
- notes: Packages
- notes: Invocation
- output messages: Messages
- packages: Packages
- recipes: Recipes
- removing packages: Packages
- special variables: Recipes
- the depends file: Order files
- the meta file: Recipes
- the qirc file: The qirc file
- upgrading packages: Packages
- variables: Recipes
- variables from the environment: Recipes
- writing recipes: Recipes

#### Footnotes

[1] The official guide for Graft can be found at http://peters.gormand.com.au/Home/tools/graft/graft.html.

[2] The proposal for ‘`license`’ was made by Richard M. Stallman at http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/gnu-linux-libre/2016-05/msg00003.html.