----------------------------------------------------------------------


GNU's Bulletin						    January, 1991


        The GNU's Bulletin is the semi-annual newsletter of the
   Free Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU Project.


Free Software Foundation, Inc.                Telephone: (617) 876-3296
675 Massachusetts Avenue          Electronic mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
Cambridge, MA 02139  USA



Contents
--------
     GNU's Who
     What Is the Free Software Foundation?
     What Is Copyleft?
     GNUs Flashes
     Free Software Support
     "Protect Your Freedom to Write Programs"
         by Richard Stallman
     GNU Project Status Report
     "Help Keep Government Software Free"
         by Richard Stallman
     GNU Documentation
     GNU Wish List
     GNU Software Available Now
        Contents of the Emacs Tape
        Contents of the Compiler Tape
        Contents of the X11 Tapes
        VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes
     How to Get GNU Software
     Free Software for MS-DOS
        GNUish MS-DOS project
        Freemacs, an Extensible Editor for MS-DOS
     GNU in Japan
     Thank GNUs
     FSF Order Form



GNU's Who
*********

Joseph Arceneaux is implementing active regions for a future Emacs
release.  Roland McGrath has returned as a full-time employee after
finishing school.  He is polishing up the C library and maintains GNU
make.  Michael Bushnell is working on kernel related projects.  Jim
Blandy is preparing the Emacs 19 release and planning an X-based
desktop.

Brian Fox is maintaining various programs that he has written, including
the `readline' library, the `makeinfo' and Info programs, BASH, and the
new GNU `finger'.  Jay Fenlason continues with the GNU spreadsheet,
Oleo, as well as maintaining `tar', `sed' and the GNU assembler.

Mike Haertel continues work on the C interpreter; he is also maintaining
and improving the "bin" utilities and species of `grep'.  Kathy
Hargreaves and Karl Berry are working on Ghostscript, making fonts and
various utilities for dealing with them.  Amy Gorin is writing the
manual for `tar'.

S. Opus Goldstein does a great job running our office.  Miria Brigid is
answering phone calls, handling correspondence, and making distribution
tapes.  Robert J.  Chassell, our Treasurer, has been working on the new
edition of the Texinfo Manual, in addition to many other Foundation
issues.  He now hopes to complete his introduction to programming in
Emacs Lisp.  Joe Turner is our part-time system administrator.

Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks,
including refining the C compiler, GNU Emacs, etc., and their
documentation.  Finally, volunteer Len Tower remains our electronic JOAT
(jack-of-all-trades), handling mailing lists and gnUSENET, information
requests, and the like.



GNU's Bulletin
--------------

Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Written by: Michael Bushnell, Robert J. Chassell, Richard Stallman,
     and Leonard H. Tower Jr.

Illustrations: Etienne Suvasa

Japanese Edition: Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi

     Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim
     copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that
     the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that
     the distributor grants the recipient permission for further
     redistribution as permitted by this notice.



What Is the Free Software Foundation?
*************************************

The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on
copying, redistribution, understanding, and modification of computer
programs.  We do this by promoting the development and use of free
software in all areas of computer use.  Specifically, we are putting
together a complete integrated software system named "GNU" (GNU's Not
Unix) that will be upwardly compatible with Unix.  Some large parts of
this system are already working, and we are distributing them now.

The word "free" in our name refers to two specific freedoms: first, the
freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and
co-workers; second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by
having full access to source code.  Furthermore, you can study the
source and learn how such programs are written.  You may then be able to
port it, improve it, and share your changes with others.

Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be
available.  By contrast, FSF concentrates on development of new free
software, working towards a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the
need to purchase a proprietary system.

Besides developing GNU, the Foundation has secondary functions:
producing tapes and printed manuals of GNU software, carrying out
distribution, and accepting gifts to support GNU development.  We are
tax exempt; you can deduct donations to us on your tax returns.  Our
development effort is funded partly from donations and partly from
distribution fees.  Note that the distribution fees purchase just the
service of distribution: you never have to pay anyone license fees to
use GNU software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from
a friend's computer at no charge (provided your friend is willing).

The Foundation also maintains a Service Directory: a list of people who
offer service for pay to users of GNU programs and systems.  The Service
Directory is located in file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs
distribution.  Service can mean answering questions for new users,
customizing programs, porting to new systems, or anything else.  Contact
us if you want to be listed or wish a copy.

After we create our programs, we continually update and improve them.
We release between 2 and 20 updates a year for each program.  Doing this
while developing new programs takes a lot of work, so any donations of
pertinent source code and documentation, machines, labor, or money are
always appreciated.

The board of the Foundation is: Richard Stallman, President; Robert J.
Chassell, Treasurer; Gerald J. Sussman, Harold Abelson and Leonard H.
Tower Jr., Directors.



What Is Copyleft?
*****************

In the previous section entitled "What Is the Free Software Foundation?"
we state that "you never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU
software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from a
friend's computer at no charge."  What exactly do we mean by this, and
how do we make sure that it stays true?

The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public
domain.  Then people who get it from sharers can share it with others.
But this also allows bad citizens to do what they like to do: sell
binary-only versions under typical don't-share-with-your-neighbor
licenses.  They would thus enjoy the benefits of the freeness of the
original program while withholding these benefits from the users.  It
could easily come about that most users get the program this way, and
our goal of making the program free for *all* users would have been
undermined.

To prevent this from happening, we don't normally place GNU programs in
the public domain.  Instead, we protect them by what we call
"copylefts".  A copyleft is a legal instrument that makes everybody free
to copy a program as long as the person getting the copy gets with it
the freedom to distribute further copies, and the freedom to modify
their copy (which means that they must get access to the source code).
Typical software companies use copyrights to take away these freedoms;
now software sharers use copylefts to preserve these freedoms.

The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from a combination of a
copyright notice and the "GNU General Public License".  The copyright
notice is the usual kind.  The General Public License is a copying
license which basically says that you have the freedoms we want you to
have and that you can't take these freedoms away from anyone else.  (The
actual document consists of several pages of rather complicated legalbol
that our lawyer said we needed.)  The complete license is included in
all GNU source code distributions and many manuals.  We will send you a
copy on request.

We encourage others to copyleft their programs using the General Public
License; basically programs only need to include a few sentences stating
that the license applies to them.  Specifics on using the License
accompany it, so refer there for details.


     *"As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we
     should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention
     of ours."*

     			-Benjamin Franklin



GNUs Flashes
************


   * Prices going up on GNU tapes and documentation

     We are raising prices for the first time.  We hope to keep our
     prices stable and reasonable, but our costs have gone up since
     1985.  The new prices become effective on February 1, 1991.

   * New library license

     We should by now have finished a new alternative General Public
     License for certain GNU libraries.  This license permits linking
     the libraries into proprietary executables under certain
     conditions.

     The new library license actually represents a strategic retreat.
     We would prefer to insist as much as possible that programs based
     on GNU software must themselves be free.  However, in the case of
     libraries, we found that insisting they be used only in free
     software tended to discourage use of the libraries, rather than
     encourage free applications.

     So, while we hope the new library license will help promote the
     development of free libraries, we have to regret that it was
     necessary.

     We will also be releasing a version 2 of the ordinary GPL.  There
     are no real changes in its policies, but we hope to clarify points
     that have led to misunderstanding and sometimes unnecessary worry.

   * Donation from Hewlett-Packard

     We want to thank Hewlett-Packard for a new donation of $75,000 as
     well as several machines and printers.  As always, loans or
     donations of equipment are greatly appreciated.

   * Kernel

     We still hope to have a kernel on top of Mach.  We are waiting for
     CMU's lawyers to approve distribution conditions which will allow
     us to distribute the code.

     It may be possible to use the BSD kernel as a short term solution,
     while we wait on CMU, as it has become progressively more free over
     the past few years.  It currently runs on the 386/486 and the HP
     9000/300.

   * Ghostscript

     The GNU implementation of Postscript, written by Peter Deutsch and
     maintained by FSF staff members Kathryn Hargreaves and Karl Berry
     is now in its second major version.

   * C Library

     The C library is in pre-release testing.  We hope to have a beta
     test available as soon as possible.  The library is POSIX.1
     compliant and has most of the functionality of POSIX.2 draft 10.
     It is upwardly compatible with the 4.3 BSD C library and includes
     many System V functions.


   * Fortran front end for GCC

     A Fortran front end for GCC, written by Craig Burley, is being
     integrated.  Progress is being made by leaps and bounds.  It
     already compiles short simple programs.  Please don't ask for more
     information, until we announce its release.



Free Software Support
*********************

The Free Software Foundation develops and distributes freely available
software.  Our goal is to help computer users as a community.  We
envision a world in which software is freely redistributable.  This
means software will be sold at a competitive market price rather than a
monopoly established price; often it will be given away.  We see
programmers as providing a service, much as doctors and lawyers now
do---both medical knowledge and the law are freely redistributable
entities for which the practitioners charge a distribution and service
fee.

We maintain a list of people who offer support and other consulting
services, called the GNU Service Directory.  This list is contained in
the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution.  Contact us if you
would like a copy or wish to be listed in it.

Most of the listings in the GNU Service Directory are for individuals,
but one is for Cygnus Support, which is the first for-profit corporation
that we know of that provides support *only* for free software.  Their
address is `info@cygnus.com' or Cygnus Support, 814 University Ave.,
Palo Alto, CA 94301.  FSF is not affiliated with Cygnus Support, but we
hope that it is a harbinger of the future.

If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know.  We
maintain a considerable number of Internet mailing lists for making
announcements, reporting bugs and for asking questions.  These mailing
lists are also gatewayed into USENET news as the `gnu.*' newsgroups.
The Emacs and GCC Manuals have chapters explaining where to send bug
reports and what information to include.

If you don't have Internet access, you can receive mail and USENET news
with a UUCP connection.  Contact either a system administrator at a
local UUCP site, or UUNET Communications, which can set up a UUCP
connection for a modest fee.  (UUNET is a non-profit organization that
provides network connections.)  You can contact UUNET by e-mail at
`info@uunet.uu.net' or by paper mail at:

     UUNET Communications Services,
     3110 Fairview Park Drive - Suite 570,
     Falls Church, VA  22042
     Phone: (703) 876-5050

When we receive a bug report, we will usually try to fix the problem in
order to make the software better.  While our bug fixes may seem like
individual assistance, they are not.  Our task is so large that we must
focus on that which helps the community as a whole, such as developing
and maintaining software and documentation.  We don't have the resources
to help individuals.  Even if we don't solve your problem, one of the
other users may.  Otherwise, please consult the Services Directory.

So, do tell us how an installation script doesn't work or where the
documentation is unclear---but please don't ask us to help you install
the software or figure out how to use it. If your bug report does not
evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from the many other
users who read our bug reporting mailing lists.  Otherwise, use the
Service Directory.



Protect Your Freedom to Write Programs
**************************************

by Richard Stallman

Ten years ago, programmers were allowed to write programs using all the
techniques they knew, and providing whatever features they felt were
useful.  This is no longer the case.  The new monopolies, software
patents and interface copyrights, have taken away our freedom.

"Look and feel" lawsuits attempt to monopolize well-known command
languages; some have succeeded.  Copyrights on command languages enforce
gratuitous incompatibility, close opportunities for competition, and
stifle incremental improvements.

Software patents are even more dangerous; they make every design
decision in the development of a program carry a risk of a lawsuit.  It
is difficult and expensive to find out whether the techniques you use
are patented; it is impossible to find out whether they will be patented
in the future.

The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of
professors, students, businessmen, programmers and users dedicated to
bringing back the freedom to write programs.  If you are offended that
you might be sued for patent infringement when you make computer systems
that use X Windows or `compress', if you are offended that you aren't
allowed to support the commands most users know when you write a
spreadsheet, don't just grumble---do something about it!  You can help
abolish the new monopolies by joining the League.

The League for Programming Freedom works to abolish the new monopolies
by publishing articles, talking with public officials, boycotting
egregious offenders, and possibly in the future by intervening in court
cases.  On May 24, 1989, the League picketed Lotus headquarters on
account of their lawsuits, and then again on August 2, 1990.  These
marches stimulated widespread media coverage for the issue.

Convincing Congress is a big job.  To impress public officials, the
League needs more members: both activist members and members who only
pay their dues.  Additional corporate members are also needed.  The dues
are $42 for professionals, $21 for others, except students whose dues
are $10.50.  To join, mail your check, name and address to:

     League for Programming Freedom
     1 Kendall Square #143
     P.O.Box 9171
     Cambridge, MA  02139

Please also send your phone number and email address, and mention
anything noteworthy you have done, especially in business or software.

For more information, please phone the League at (617) 243-4091, send
Internet mail to `league@prep.ai.mit.edu', or write to the address
above.

*Note:* The League for Programming Freedom is not an organization for
free software, and it does not endorse the GNU project or the Free
Software Foundation.  Most League members write proprietary software,
and some have founded companies that do so.

However, the FSF endorses the League strongly---perhaps desperately
would be a better word.  Patents are especially devastating for free
software.  The patent holders can read our source code to see what
techniques we use, and we can't afford to license patents.  (Not to
mention the fact that if we agree to pay even one cent per copy made of
a program, that program can't be free any more.)

In a few years, it very likely will be illegal to distribute a complete
free operating system in the United States, because too many important
parts would infringe patents.  The result may be that future GNU
software is released for distribution only outside the United States.

If you are reading this, there is a good chance that you appreciate the
GNU project and would like it to produce more software.  If you can do
only one thing to help the GNU project, joining the League is the most
important thing you can do.



GNU Project Status Report
*************************

   * GNU Emacs

     GNU Emacs 18.56 has just been released.  This version fixes several
     bugs.  Also, the undo facility has been completely rewritten and
     now holds unlimited data temporarily, and a user-specified amount
     for the long term.

     Berkeley is distributing GNU Emacs with the 4.3 BSD distribution,
     and numerous companies distribute it also.

     Emacs 18 maintenance continues for simple bug fixes.  Version 19
     approaches release, counting among its new features: before and
     after change hooks, source-level Lisp debugging, X selection
     processing, including clipboard selections, scrollbars, support for
     European character sets, floating point numbers, per-buffer mouse
     commands, interfacing with the X resource manager, mouse-tracking,
     Lisp-level binding of function keys, and multiple X windows
     (`screens' to Emacs).

     Thanks go to Alan Carroll and the people who worked on Epoch for
     generating initial feedback to a multi-windowed Emacs.  Emacs 19
     supports two styles of multiple windows, one with a separate screen
     for the minibuffer, and another with a minibuffer attached to each
     screen.

     A couple of other features of Emacs 19 are buffer allocation, which
     uses a new mechanism capable of returning storage to the system
     when a buffer is killed, and a new input system---all input now
     arrives in the form of Lisp objects.

     Other features being considered for later releases of Emacs 19
     include: associating property lists with regions of text in a
     buffer; multiple font, color, and pixmaps defined by those
     properties; different visibility conditions for the regions, and
     for various windows showing one buffer; hooks to be run if point or
     mouse moves outside a certain range; incrementally saving undo
     history in a file; static menu bars; and better pop-up menus.

   * Shells

     Brian Fox has completed the Bourne Again shell (BASH), an imitation
     of the Korn shell.  It now has job control and both Emacs-style and
     `csh'-style command history.

     There is a good chance that the `csh' from BSD will be declared
     free software by Berkeley, so we won't need to write that.  In any
     case, BASH rather than `csh' will be the default shell in the GNU
     system.

   * Kernel

     We are still interested in a multi-process kernel running on top of
     Mach.  The CMU lawyers are currently deciding if they can release
     Mach with distribution conditions that will enable us to distribute
     it.  If they decide to do so, then we will probably start work.
     CMU has available under the same terms as Mach a single-server
     partial Unix emulator named Poe; it is rather slow and provides
     minimal functionality.  We would probably begin by extending Poe to
     provide full functionality.  Later we hope to have a modular
     emulator divided into multiple processes.

   * GNU Debugger

     The GNU source-level C debugger, GDB, is now being distributed
     along with the GNU C Compiler as GDB Version 3.5.  Version 2.8,
     which used to be distributed on the Emacs tape, is now obsolete,
     and has been replaced by version 3.5.

     John Gilmore is steadily improving GDB, particularly its kernel
     debugging facilities.  He has added watchpoints, cross-debugging
     between dissimilar CPU types, and a host of minor features.  He
     plans to add over-the-Ethernet debugging before the initial release
     of Version 4.

   * C Compiler

     The GNU C compiler (GCC) version 1 is now quite reliable.  It
     supports ANSI standard C.  NeXT builds its entire system, including
     its port of the Mach kernel and NFS, with GCC.  The Open Software
     Foundation uses GCC as the compiler in their operating system, Data
     General uses it for their Aviion 88000 based workstation, Intel
     uses it for their 960 microprocessor, and Berkeley is adding it to
     the BSD distribution.  We have also been told that GCC successfully
     compiled a System V.3 kernel.  GCC has compiled all of the BSD
     source tree including the kernel, and work is in progress to enable
     it to compile the kernel as well.

     GCC performs automatic register allocation, invariant code motion
     from loops, common subexpression elimination, induction variable
     optimizations, constant propagation and copy propagation, delaying
     popping of function call arguments, tail recursion elimination, and
     many local optimizations that are automatically deduced from the
     machine description.

     While version 1 is being maintained solely to fix bugs, new work is
     being done in version 2.  It now has instruction scheduling, a
     certain amount of CSE between basic blocks, and a new feature for
     classifying instructions.  Function-wide CSE is being finished up,
     as is loop unrolling.

     Version 2 can generate code for the IBM PC/RT, the IBM RS/6000, the
     Motorola 88000, the AMD 29000 and the TRON.  Ports for the IBM 370,
     the HP Spectrum, and the NCUBE are on their way.  More general
     calling conventions are supported, so on the Sparc, GCC can now use
     the standard conventions for structure arguments and values.  Not
     all of the existing version 1 machine descriptions have been
     updated yet; some do not work, and others need work to take full
     advantage of instruction scheduling and delay slots.

     Version 2 supports both C`++' and Objective C on the same basis as
     C itself: the name of the source file selects the language.
     Michael Tiemann of Cygnus Support has written the C`++' front end
     for GCC (which is available in version 1 as G`++').  The front end
     for compiling Objective C programs has been donated by NeXT.

     Please don't call for more information on version 2 until it's
     released.

     Front ends for Modula-2 and Modula-3, Fortran, and Pascal are being
     developed by volunteers.  There are rumors about various other
     languages.  So far, no one has volunteered to write Ada or Cobol.

   * C Library

     Roland McGrath and others continue to work on the C Library.  The C
     library currently contains all of the ANSI C and POSIX.1 functions,
     and work is in progress on POSIX.2 and Unix features.  This means
     that the library will have not only all of ANSI, POSIX 1003.1, and
     POSIX 1003.2, but almost everything found in BSD and System V.
     Mike Haertel has written an impressively fast `malloc'.  The GNU
     regular-expression functions (`regex') now mostly conform to the
     POSIX.2 standard.

   * Ghostscript

     Ghostscript provides nearly all the facilities of a Postscript
     interpreter.  Peter Deutsch, the primary author and maintainer of
     Ghostscript, has released a new version of that program, together
     with FSF staff members Kathryn Hargreaves and Karl Berry.  Karl and
     Kathy are also working on producing free fonts.  Highlights of this
     release include:

        - Drivers for the HP DeskJet, HP LaserJet, and Epson LX-800
          printers (all in low density mode).  You can build with
          multiple drivers and choose a driver at run time.

        - Search paths for fonts and for the Ghostscript library files.

        - Support for Adobe Type 1 font representation (though hints
          are ignored).

        - A set of scalable fonts for all the standard Postscript fonts
          (plus a few more) algorithmically derived from the X11 BDF
          fonts.  The conversion program is also included so you can
          convert other fonts.

        - The ability to render into a bitmap in memory, and then write
          the bitmap out in PPM format (or any other format you
          program).

     Right now, Ghostscript will accept commands in Postscript and
     execute them by drawing on an X window or writing a file that can
     be transferred directly to a printer.  It needs enhancement: to
     serve as a previewer for multi-page files, to serve other X clients
     by drawing on their windows, and to improve both the performance
     and the visual quality of the output.  It needs more fonts.

     Version 2.1 will be released soon.  It fixes the bugs that have
     been reported.  It is also much faster; the X interface in
     particular has been sped up several times over.  It should include
     support for the extended color operators (CMYK color model, and
     colorimage) and a contributed driver for the HP PaintJet, which a
     lot of people have asked for.

     Ghostscript also includes a C-callable graphics library (for client
     programs that don't want to deal with the Postscript language), and
     also supports IBM PCs and compatibles with EGA graphics (but don't
     ask the FSF staff any questions about this; we don't use PCs and
     don't have time to learn anything about them).

   * Oleo

     Jay Fenlason is writing a spreadsheet named Oleo (which is better
     for you than the more expensive spreadsheet).  Oleo is in alpha
     test right now; we do not know when it will be available.  Jay says
     that "really brave" people can contact him about being alpha
     testers.

     Oleo currently reads and writes SC and Multiplan SYLK files, but
     teaching it new formats is fairly simple.  It has a full set of
     expressions and mathematical, financial, and string functions.
     Keys may all be rebound and Oleo also has primitive macro support.

     Oleo uses the `curses' library and an X11 interface is planned.
     Right now it runs on BSD Unix machines as well as IBM PCs and
     compatibles.

   * groff

     James Clark has released groff---GNU troff and related programs.
     So far, it includes `troff', `pic', `tbl', `eqn', the `-man'
     macros, drivers for Postscript and typewriter-like devices, and a
     driver producing TeX `dvi' format.  Also included is a version of
     the Berkeley `-me' macros, and an enhanced version of the MIT X11R4
     previewer `xditview'.  He is currently working on the `-ms' macros
     and `refer'.  Groff is written in C`++'.  Useful additions would be
     the `-mm' macros and the `grap' preprocessor.



Help Keep Government Software Free
**********************************

by Richard Stallman

For 200 years, the US copyright system has placed everything written by
the federal government in the public domain.  This makes sense: we have
all paid for it, so we should all own it.

Now there is a move to change this.  If it succeeds, quite a lot of
software that would be free today will be sold instead.  We will pay to
develop the software, and then we'll have to pay again to use it.  And
the GNU system won't be able to use it, since it won't be free.

We think this is scandalous.  If you agree, please help prevent it, by
writing to Congress:

     House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property
     2137 Rayburn Building
     Washington, DC 20515



GNU Documentation
*****************

GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use on-line and printed
documentation.  GNU manuals are intended to explain the underlying
concepts, describe how to use all the features of each program, and give
examples of command use.

GNU documentation is distributed as Texinfo source files, which yield
both typeset hardcopy and on-line presentation via the menu-driven Info
system.

The following manuals, provided with our software, are also available in
hardcopy; see the order form on the inside back cover.

The Emacs Manual describes the use of GNU Emacs.  It also explains
advanced features, such as outline mode and regular expression search.
The manual tells how to use special modes for programming in languages
such as C and Lisp, how to use the tags utility, and how to compile and
correct code.  It also describes how to make your own keybindings and
other elementary customizations.

The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual covers the GNU Emacs Lisp programming
language in great depth.  It goes into data types, control structures,
functions, macros, byte compilation, keymaps, windows, markers,
searching and matching, modes, syntax tables, operating system
interface, etc.

The Texinfo Manual explains the markup language used to create both an
Info file and a printed document from the same source file.  This tells
you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes, indices, and cross
references.  It also describes how to use Texinfo mode in GNU Emacs and
catch mistakes.

The Termcap Manual is often described as "Twice as much as you ever
wanted to know about Termcap."  It describes the format of the Termcap
database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process of
interrogating a terminal description.  This manual is primarily for
programmers.

The Bison Manual covers writing grammar descriptions that can be
converted into C coded parsers.  It assumes no prior knowledge of parser
generators.  This manual describes the concepts and then provides a
series of increasingly complex examples before describing what happens
in considerable detail.

The GAWK Manual describes how to use the GNU implementation of AWK.  It
is written for someone who has never used AWK, and describes all the
features of this powerful string manipulating language.

The Make Manual describes the GNU Make utility, a program used to
rebuild parts of other programs when and as needed.  It covers makefile
writing, which specifies how a program is to be compiled and what each
part of the program depends on.

The GDB Manual explains how to use the GNU Debugger.  It describes
running your program under debugger control, how to examine and alter
data as well as modify the flow of control within the program, and how
to use GDB through GNU Emacs, with auto-display of source lines.



GNU Wish List
*************

Wishes for this issue are for:

   * Volunteers to help write utilities and documentation.  Send mail to
     `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' for the task list and coding standards.

   * Full-time staff to work on Project GNU both as programmers and as
     technical writers.  You must either be in Cambridge, Mass or be
     able to maintain good electronic communication with us.  We also
     like to find a programmer who would also serve as volunteer
     coordinator.  Contact `rms@prep.ai.mit.edu' or send mail to Richard
     Stallman c/o the Free Software Foundation if you are interested.

   * Companies to lend us capable programmers and technical writers for
     at least six months.  True wizards may be welcome for shorter
     periods, but we have found that six months is the minimum time for
     a good programmer to finish a worthwhile project.

   * A 300 MB disk drive for an IBM/RT and a QIC-150 tape drive for a
     Sun.  We also need machines to be donated or loaned for FSF
     programmers and documenters who are not near our offices in
     Cambridge.

   * Professors who might be interested in sponsoring or hosting
     research assistants to do GNU development, with FSF support.

   * Speech and character recognition software (if the devices aren't
     too weird), with the device drivers (if possible).  This would help
     the productivity of at least one partially disabled programmer we
     know.

   * Grammar checking software for English and other natural languages.

   * Copies of newspaper and journal articles mentioning the GNU Project
     or GNU software.  Send these to the address on the front cover, or
     send a citation to `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'.

   * Money, as always.  Please remember, donations are tax-deductible.
     With the latest donations, we have been able to expand our staff
     again.  With the increased staff we have an even greater need for
     donations.

     One way to give us a small amount of money is to order a
     distribution tape or two.  This may not count as a donation for tax
     purposes, but it can qualify as a business expense.



GNU Software Available Now
**************************

We offer Unix software source distribution tapes, plus VMS tapes for GNU
Emacs and GNU C that include sources and VMS executables.

The first Unix tape, called the "Emacs" tape contains GNU Emacs as well
as various other well-tested programs.  The second Unix tape, called the
"Compiler" tape, contains the GNU C compiler, related utilities, and
other new programs.  The third and fourth Unix tapes (called the "X11"
tapes) contain the X11 distribution from the MIT X Consortium.


See the order form on the inside back cover for details about media,
etc.  Note that the contents of the 1600bpi 9-track tapes and the QIC-24
DC300XLP 1/4 inch cartridge tapes for UNIX systems are the same.  It is
only the media that are different.


Contents of the Emacs Tape
--------------------------

The software on this release tape is considered fairly stable, but as
always, we welcome your bug reports.

   * GNU Emacs

     In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible,
     customizable real-time display editor.  GNU Emacs is his second
     implementation of Emacs.  It's the first Emacs available on Unix
     systems that offers true Lisp---smoothly integrated into the
     editor---for writing extensions.  It also provides a special
     interface to MIT's free X window system.  The current version of
     Emacs is 18.56.

     GNU Emacs has been in widespread use since 1985 and often displaces
     proprietary implementations of Emacs because of its greater
     reliability as well as its additional features and easier
     extensibility.  DEC, Berkeley, and NeXT are all distributing Emacs
     with their systems.

     GNU Emacs (as of version 18.56) runs on many Unix systems: Alliant,
     Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), Apollo, AT&T (3B machines & 7300 PC), CCI
     5/32 & 6/32, Celerity, Convex, Digital (DECstation 3100; DECstation
     5000; Vax running BSD, System V, or VMS), Motorola Delta (running
     System V/68 release 3), Dual, Elxsi 6400, Encore (DPC, APC, & XPC),
     Gould, HP (9000 series 200, 300 or 800 (Spectrum) but not series
     500), HLH Orion 1/05, IBM (RT/PC running 4.2 & AIX; PS/2 or RS/6000
     running AIX), Integrated Solutions (Optimum V with 68020 & VMEbus),
     Intel 80386 (BSD, Microport, System V, & Xenix; not MS-DOS), Iris
     (2500, 2500 Turbo, & 4D), LMI (Nu), Masscomp, Megatest, MIPS, NCR
     (Tower 32), Nixdorf Targon 31, Plexus, Prime EXL, Pyramid, Sequent
     (Balance & Symmetry), SONY News, Stride (system release 2), Sun (1,
     2, 3, 4, SparcStation, & 386i), Tahoe, Tektronix (NS32000 & 4300),
     Stardent 1500 or 3000, Titan P2 or P3, Pmax, Texas Instruments
     (Nu), & Whitechapel (MG1).

     GNU Emacs is described by the `GNU Emacs Manual', which comes with
     the software in Texinfo form; see "GNU Documentation" above.  Also,
     since GDB is the only debugger that can debug Emacs without getting
     confused, it is included on this tape as well as the Compiler Tape.


   * GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual

     This manual describes the GNU Emacs Lisp programming language in
     detail and is for anyone who is interested in writing programs in
     GNU Emacs Lisp (see "GNU Documentation" above).

   * Bison

     Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser
     generator Yacc, with additional features.  It has been in use for
     several years.  It is used for compiling GNU C, so it is also on
     the GNU Compiler tape.  The `Bison Manual' comes with the software
     in Texinfo form; see "GNU Documentation" above.

   * MIT Scheme

     Scheme is a simplified, lexically scoped dialect of Lisp.  It was
     designed at MIT and other universities to teach students
     programming and to research new parallel programming constructs and
     compilation techniques.  MIT Scheme is written in C and runs on
     many Unix systems.  It now conforms to the "Revised^3 Report On The
     Algorithmic Language Scheme" (MIT AI Lab Memo 848a), for which TeX
     source is included in the distribution.

   * Yale T

     A variant of Scheme developed at Yale University, T is intended for
     production use in program development.  T contains a native-code
     optimizing compiler that produces code that runs at speeds
     comparable to the speeds of programs written in conventional
     languages.  It runs on BSD Vaxes, 680x0 systems, Sparc
     workstations, MIPS R2000 workstations (including the Decstation
     3100 PMAX), and NS32000 machines (including the Encore Multimax).
     T is written in itself and cannot be bootstrapped without a binary
     (included), but it is great if you can use it.  Some documentation
     is included.

   * `texi2roff'

     `texi2roff', written by Beverly Erlebacher, translates GNU Texinfo
     files so that it can be printed by the Unix `[nt]roff' programs
     utilizing the `mm', `ms', or `me' macro packages.  It is included
     on all UNIX tapes so people who don't have a copy of TeX can print
     out GNU documentation.

   * Data Compression Software

     Some of the contents of our tape distribution is compressed; these
     are currently indicated by a `.Z' suffix.  We include software on
     the tapes to compress/decompress these files.  Currently, we use
     the `compress' program, but it appears that its algorithm is
     patented.  We hope to switch to another program that stands a
     chance of not being patented.  Whatever program is on your tape
     will uncompress the compressed files on it.

   * GNU Chess and NetHack

     GNU Chess is a chess program, now at version 3.1.  It has text-only
     and X display interfaces.  NetHack is a display--oriented adventure
     game similar to Rogue.  We distribute NetHack Version 2.3.


Contents of the Compiler Tape
-----------------------------

The programs on this tape are becoming stable.  The exception is
Ghostscript, but we are carrying it on this tape as a convenience.  As
always, we solicit your comments and bug reports.  This tape used to be
known as the "Pre-Release" or "Beta Test" tape.

   * GNU CC

     The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable optimizing compiler.  It
     generates good code for the 32000, 680x0, 80386, Alliant, Convex,
     Tahoe, and Vax CPUs, and for these RISC CPUs: i860, Pyramid, Sparc,
     and SPUR.  The MIPS RISC CPU is also supported.  Machines using
     these CPUs include 386 running AIX, Alliant FX/8, Altos 3068,
     Apollo 68000/68020 running Aegis, AT&T 3B1, Convex C1 and C2,
     DECstation 3100, DECstation 5000, DEC VAX, Encore MultiMax
     (NS32000), Genix NS32000, Harris HCX-7 and HCX-9, HP-UX
     68000/68020, HP running BSD, IBM PS/2 running AIX, Intel 386
     (System V, Xenix, BSD, but not MS-DOS), Iris MIPS machine, ISI
     68000/68020, MIPS, NeXT, Pyramid, Sequent Balance (NS32000),
     Sequent Symmetry (i386), SONY News, Sun 2, Sun 3 (optionally with
     FPA), Sun 4, SparcStation, and Sun386i.  The current version is
     1.39.  It supports full ANSI C.  Please refer to the "GNU Project
     Status Report" for more detail on GCC.

     A good programmer will be able to make a cross compiler on most of
     these systems to cross-compile to most of these architectures.
     Most of the work will be with the compiler support tools, not GCC
     itself.

     Included with the compiler are Bison (also on the Emacs release
     tape), the perfect hash-table generating utility (Gperf), and the
     Texinfo source of the `GCC Manual'.  This manual describes how to
     run and install the GNU C compiler, and how to port it to new
     processors.  It describes new features and incompatibilities of the
     compiler, but people not familiar with C will also need a good book
     on C.  (We are not yet publishing this manual on paper.  It's
     changing too fast.)

   * Assembler and Object File Utilities

     The GNU assembler (GAS) is a fairly portable, one pass assembler
     that is almost twice as fast as Unix `as'.  It is now at version
     1.39 and works for 32x32, 680x0, 80386, Sparc (Sun 4), and Vax.

     We have free versions of `ar', `ld', `nm', `size', `gprof',
     `strip', and `ranlib'.  The GNU linker `ld' is fast and is the only
     one that will give you source-line numbered error messages for
     multiply-defined symbols and undefined references.

     We also now distribute a dynamic linker, `dld', written by W.
     Wilson Ho.  This is a library which you link with your program
     which then enables it to dynamically load object files into the
     running binary.

   * COFF Support

     It is possible to run the entire suite of GNU software tools on
     System V, replacing COFF entirely.  The GNU tools can operate on
     BSD object files with a COFF header the System V kernel will
     accept.  `robotussin' is supplied for converting standard libraries
     to this format.

   * `make'

     GNU `make' includes almost all the features from the BSD, System V,
     and POSIX versions of make, as well many of our own extensions.
     These extensions include parallelism, conditional execution, and
     text manipulation.  Version 3.59 of GNU make is fairly stable.
     Work on Version 4---which will include many functional
     improvements---is in progress.  Texinfo source for the GNU make
     manual is provided; see "GNU Documentation" above.

   * Debugger

     Version 3.5 of GDB, the GNU debugger, runs under BSD 4.2 and 4.3 on
     Vaxes and Suns (2, 3, and 4), Convex, HP 9000/300's under BSD, HP
     9000/320's under HP/UX, System V 386 machines (with either GNU or
     native object file format), ISI Optimum V, Merlin under Utek 2.1,
     SONY News, Gould NPL and PN machines, Pyramid, Sequent Symmetry (a
     386 based machine), Altos, and Encore under Umax 4.2.

     GDB features incremental reading of symbol tables (for fast startup
     and less memory use), command-line editing, the ability to call
     functions in the program being debugged, remote debugging over a
     serial line, a value history, and user-defined commands.  It can be
     used to debug C, C`++', and FORTRAN programs.  It comes with a
     Texinfo manual (see "GNU Documentation" above).

   * BASH

     The GNU Shell, BASH (for Bourne Again SHell), provides
     compatibility with the Unix `sh' and provides many extensions found
     in `csh' and `ksh'.  It has job control, `csh'-style command
     history, and command-line editing (with Emacs and vi modes built-in
     and the ability to rebind keys).

   * GAWK, `flex', and `tar'

     GAWK is GNU's version of the Unix AWK utility; it comes with a
     Texinfo manual (see "GNU Documentation" above).  `flex' is a
     mostly-compatible replacement for the Unix `lex' scanner generator
     written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.  `flex'
     generates far more efficient scanners than `lex' does.  GNU `tar'
     includes multivolume support, the ability to archive sparse files,
     automatic compression and decompression of archives, remote
     archives, and special features to allow `tar' to be used for
     incremental and full backups of file systems.

   * Freed Files from the U.C. Berkeley 4.3-tahoe Release

     These files have been declared by Berkeley to be free of AT&T code,
     and may be freely redistributed.  They include complete sources for
     some utility programs, games, and library routines; and partial
     sources for many others.

     We are not yet distributing the files marked free on the 4.3-reno
     release.  Berkeley plans to release a revised tape of free software
     in late January or early February.  When this happens we will begin
     distributing all those files instead of the 4.3-tahoe files.  Note
     that much more will be free on that tape than currently on the
     4.3-tahoe tape.

   * RCS and CVS

     The Revision Control System is used for version control and
     management of large software projects.  This is the latest version:
     5.5.

     CVS, the Concurrent Version System, manages software revision and
     release control in a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group
     environment.  It works best on top of RCS Versions 4 and above, but
     will parse older RCS formats with the loss of CVS's fancier
     features.  For more details, see Berliner, Brian, `CVS-II:
     Parallelizing Software Development,' Proceedings of the Winter 1990
     USENIX Association Conference.

   * `diff' and `grep'

     These programs are GNU's versions of the Unix programs of the same
     name.  They are much faster than their Unix counterparts.

   * Ghostscript

     Ghostscript is GNU's graphics language that is almost fully
     compatible with Postscript.  See the section in the "GNU Project
     Status Report."

   * `gnuplot'

     `gnuplot' is an interactive program for plotting mathematical
     expressions and data.  Oddly enough, the program was neither done
     for nor named for the GNU Project---the name is a coincidence.

   * `g++', `libg++', and NIH Class Library

     G`++' is a set of changes for GCC that compiles C`++', the
     well-known object-oriented language.  In so far as is possible,
     G`++' is kept compatible with the evolving draft ANSI standard.
     Source code is accompanied by the `GNU G`++' Users Guide'.  (We are
     not yet publishing this manual on paper because it is changing too
     fast.)  G`++' compiles source quickly, provides good error
     messages, and works well with GDB.  Since G`++' depends on GCC, it
     must be used with the correspondingly numbered version of GCC.  GDB
     Version 3 includes support for debugging C`++' code, which merges
     in the functionality of the old program GDB`+'.

     `libg++' (the GNU C`++' library) is an extensive and documented
     collection of C`++' classes and support tools for use with G`++'.

     The NIH Class Library (formerly known as OOPS (Object-Oriented
     Program Support)) is a portable collection of classes similar to
     those in Smalltalk-80 that has been developed by Keith Gorlen of
     NIH, using the C`++' programming language.

     Note that Interviews has been dropped from this tape since it
     appears on the "optional" X tape (See "Contents of the X11 Tapes"
     below).

   * File Utilities and Miscellaneous

     The file utilities are now included here.  GNU `indent' has been
     added to this tape as well.  We also include `texi2roff',
     `compress', `perl' (version 3.0), `c-perf' (version 2.0), `f2c' (a
     FORTRAN to C translator), and GnuGo (the game of Go (Wei-Chi)) on
     this tape.


Contents of the X11 Tapes
-------------------------

The two X11 tapes contain Version 11, Release 4 of the MIT X window
system.  X11 is more powerful than, but incompatible with, the
no-longer-supported or available Version 10.

The first FSF tape contains the contents of both tape one and tape two
>from the MIT X Consortium: the core software and documentation, and the
contributed clients.  FSF refers to its first tape as the `required' X
tape since it is necessary for running X or GNU Emacs under X.  (The
Consortium refers to its first two tapes as the `required/recommended'
tapes.)

The second, `optional' FSF tape contains the contents of tapes three and
four from the MIT X Consortium: contributed libraries and other
toolkits, the Andrew software, games, etc.  (The Consortium refers to
its last two tapes as `optional' tapes.)


VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes
----------------------------

We offer a VMS tape of the GNU Emacs editor, and a separate VMS tape
containing the GNU C compiler.  The VMS compiler tape also contains
Bison (needed to compile GCC), GAS (needed to assemble GCC's output),
and some library and include files.  Both VMS tapes include executables
that you can bootstrap from, because the DEC VMS C compiler has bugs and
thus cannot compile GNU C.

Please don't ask us to devote effort to additional VMS support, because
it is peripheral to the GNU Project.



How to Get GNU Software
***********************

All the software and publications from the Free Software Foundation are
distributed with permission to copy and redistribute.  The easiest way
to get GNU software is to copy it from someone else who has it.

If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest software from
the host `prep.ai.mit.edu' (the Internet address is `18.71.0.38').  For
more information, get the file `/pub/gnu/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'
>from `prep'.

If you cannot get the software one of these ways, or if you would like
to contribute some funds to our efforts and receive the latest versions,
we distribute tapes for a copying and distribution fee.  See the order
form below.

There are also third party groups that distribute our software: they do
not work with us, but have our software in other forms.  For your
convenience, some of them are listed below.  Please note that the Free
Software Foundation is not affiliated with them in any way, and is not
responsible for either the currency of their versions or the swiftness
of their responses.

These TCP/IP Internet sites provide GNU software via anonymous `ftp'
(use your `ftp' program, user name: `anonymous', password: `your name'):

     scam.berkeley.edu, itstd.sri.com, wuarchive.wustl.edu,
     wsmr-simtel20.army.mil (under `PD:<UNIX.GNU>'),
     louie.udel.edu, nic.nyser.net, ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp,
     funic.funet.fi, sunic.sunet.se, freja.diku.dk,
     gatekeeper.dec.com, mango.miami.edu (VMS G`++'),
     cc.utah.edu (VMS GNU Emacs), labrea.stanford.edu,
     jaguar.utah.edu, and uunet.uu.net.

Those on the SPAN network can ask rdss::corbet.

Information on how to obtain some GNU programs using UUCP is available
via electronic mail from the following people.  Ohio State also posts
their UUCP instructions regularly to newsgroup `comp.sources.d' on
USENET.

     hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny, hqda-ai!merlin,
     acornrc!bob, uunet!hutch!barber, sun!nosun!illian!darylm,
     oli-stl!root, bigtex!james, postmaster@uunet.uu.net, and
     karl@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (or `osu-cis!karl)'.



Free Software for MS-DOS
************************


GNUish MS-DOS project
---------------------

Some GNU software has been ported to MS-DOS, but the FSF avoids
involvment in this effort, because it is peripheral to the GNU project.
Contact Thorsten Ohl, `td12@ddagsi3.bitnet', who is organizing
distribution of such ports.  More information is in `/pub/gnu/MSDOS',
obtainable via anonymous `ftp' on `prep.ai.mit.edu'.


Freemacs, an Extensible Editor for MS-DOS
-----------------------------------------

Russ Nelson, `nelson@sun.soe.clarkson.edu', has written a small but
programmable editor for MS-DOS that is somewhat compatible with GNU
Emacs.  The .EXE file is only 21K because it only contains a language
interpreter and text editor primitives.  Most of the programming is done
in MINT, a string-oriented language.  You may freely copy this software.
Russ asks only that you return improvements to him for incorporation
into the package for the rest of us.

The distribution is available from these sources:

   *  mail a message consisting only of `help' to (for UUCP)
     `sun.soe.clarkson.edu!archive-server' or (for Bitnet)
     `archive-server%sun.soe@omnigate', the mailer can reply to any
     address with an `@' in it, except `.UUCP' pseudo-addresses;

   *  anonymous `ftp' `/e/freemacs' from `grape.ecs.clarkson.edu'
     `[128.153.13.196]' or `wsmr-simtel20.army.mil' (under
     `PD:<MSDOS.FREEMACS>');

   *  `CUHUG BBS: (315)268-6667' 1200/2400 8N1, 24 hrs,
     pub/msdos/freemacs, no registration required to download Freemacs;
     or

   *  send $15 (copying fee) to Russ Nelson, 11 Grant St., Potsdam, NY
     13676, Phone: (315) 268-6455, specify floppy format: `5.25"/1.2
     MB'; `5.25"/360K'; or `3.50"/720K.'

Please do not contact the Free Software Foundation about Freemacs.  We
do not maintain it, and we have no information on it other than the
above.



GNU in Japan
************

Mieko, `h-mieko@sra.co.jp', & Noboyuki Hikichi, `hikichi@sra.co.jp',
continue to work on the GNU Project in Japan.  They translate GNU
information, write columns, request donations and consult with people
about GNU.  They are looking for a lawyer volunteer to review their
Japanese translation of the GNU Library General Public License.  They
held a GNU BOF at the JUS Symposium in December 1990.  Many groups in
Japan are redistributing GNU software, including JUG (a PC user group),
Nikkei Business Publications and ASCII (publishers), Fujitsu FM Towns,
and the Japan Unix Society.  Anonymous UUCP is also now available in
Japan.



Thank GNUs
**********

Thanks to all those mentioned above in "GNUs Flashes", the "GNU Project
Status Report" and "GNU Software Available Now".

Thanks to the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Laboratory for
Computer Science at MIT for their invaluable assistance of many kinds.

Thanks to Shawn Keller for making tapes, to Devon McCullough for
technical assistance, to Carol Botteron for proofreading and other
assistance, and to Mieko and Nobuyuki Hikichi for their invaluable help
raising both funds and consciousness in Japan.

Thanks to Chet Ramey for his continuing work on improving BASH.

Thanks to the University of Minnesota Department of Computer Science for
allowing Mike Haertel to use their computers.

Thanks to Cliff Lasser of Thinking Machines, Inc. for the help with
upgrading to SunOS 4.0.

Thanks to Village Center Inc of Japan for their gift.

Thanks to Information Systems and the Whitaker College Computing
Facility at MIT for use of their machines to make our VMS master tapes.

Thanks to the Open Software Foundation for the Compaq 386.

Thanks go out to all those who have either lent or donated machines,
including Hewlett-Packard for six 68030 workstations, two 80486
machines, and four Spectrum workstations, Brewster Kahle of Thinking
Machines Corp. for the Sun 4/110, K. Richard Pixley for the AT&T Unix
PC, Doug Blewett of AT&T Bell Labs for two Convergent Miniframes, CMU's
Mach Project for the Sun 3/60, Intel Corp. for their 386/i860
workstation, NeXT for a NeXT workstation, the MIT Media Laboratory for
the Hewlett-Packard 68020 machine, SONY Corp. and Software Research
Associates, Inc., both of Tokyo, for three SONY News workstations, the
MIT Laboratory of Computer Science for the DEC Microvax, and Delta
Microsystems for an Exabyte tape drive.

Thanks to all those who have contributed ports and extensions, as well
as those who have contributed other source code, documentation, and good
bug reports.  Thanks to those who sent money and offered help.  Thanks
also to those who support us by ordering manuals and distribution tapes.

The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who have
expressed interest in what we are doing.



Free Software Foundation Order Form
***********************************
				   
    This order form is effective February 1, 1991 - July 1, 1991

Prices and contents are subject to change without notice.

Please allow six weeks for delivery (though it won't usually take that
long).

All software and publications are distributed with permission to copy
and to redistribute.

TeX source for each manual is on the appropriate tape; the prices for
tapes do not include printed manuals.

All software and documentation from the Free Software Foundation is
provided on an "as is" basis, with no warranty of any kind.

Quantity  Price  Item

For Unix systems, on 1600 bpi 9-track tape in Unix tar format:

________ $200	GNU Emacs source code and other software.
		The tape includes:
		* GNU Emacs (the extensible, customizable, self-documenting
		  real-time display editor)
		* The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, as Texinfo source.
		* MIT Scheme (a dialect of Lisp)
		* T, Yale's implementation of Scheme
		* Bison (a free, compatible replacement for yacc)
		* Nethack (a rogue-like game)
		* GNU Chess (a chess playing program with an interface to X)
		* texi2roff (for printing Texinfo source with [nt]roff)
		* Data Compression Software (to uncompress source on the tape).

________ $200	GNU Compiler source code and related software,
		for Unix systems.  The tape includes:
		* GCC (the GNU C Compiler, including COFF support)
		* Bison (a free, compatible replacement for yacc)
		* G++ (the C++ front end to GCC)
		* lib-g++ (the G++ class library)
		* NIH Class Library (formerly known as OOPS)
		* Gas (the GNU Assembler)
		* GNU object file utilities (ar, ld, make, gprof, size, nm,
		  strip, ranlib, et al.)
		* COFF support for GNU software tools 
		* GDB (The GNU source-level C debugger)
		* GNU make
		* Bash (GNUs' Bourne Again SHell)
		* Gawk (the GNU implementation of the AWK programming language)
		* Flex (Vern Paxson fast rewrite of lex)
		* GNU tar
		* the freed files from the 4.3BSD-Tahoe distribution
		* RCS (Revision Control System)
		* CVS (Concurrent Control System)
		* GNU diff and grep
		* Ghostscript (a Postscript interpreter)
		* Gnuplot (an interactive mathematical plotting program)
		* Perl (version 3.0; a programming language interpreter)
		* f2c  (a FORTRAN to C translator)
		* other GNU utilities (file utilities, indent, c-perf, et al.)
		* GNU GO (the GNU implementation of the game of GO)
		* texi2roff (for printing Texinfo source with [nt]roff)
		* Data Compression Software (to uncompress source on the tape).

________ $200	Required MIT X Window System X11R4, core software and
		documentation, and contributed client software.

________ $200   Optional MIT X Window System X11R4, contributed software
		including libraries, games, Andrew and toolkits.

For Suns and other Unix Systems, on QIC-24 DC300XLP 1/4 inch cartridge
tape, Unix tar format:

________ $210   GNU Emacs and other software, as above.

________ $210	GNU compiler tape, as above.

________ $210	Required MIT X Window System X11R4, as above.

________ $210   Optional MIT X Window System X11R4, as above.

For IBM RS/6000 Systems, on QIC-24 DC600A 1/4 inch cartridge
tape.

________ $215   GNU Emacs and other software, as above.
		plus executable files of Emacs.

For VMS systems, on 1600 bpi reel-to-reel 9-track tape in VMS BACKUP
format:

________ $195	GNU Emacs source code and binaries.

________ $195	GNU C compiler source code and binaries.
		Includes Bison and GAS.

GNU Emacs manual, ~300 pages, phototypeset, offset printed, spiral
bound, with a reference card.

________  $20	GNU Emacs manual, unit price for 1 to 5 copies.

________  $13	Emacs manuals, unit price for 6 or more.

GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, ~550 pages, spiral bound.

________  $50   A single GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.

________ $200   Box of 5 GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manuals.

The following documentation:

________   $1	One GNU Emacs reference card, without the manual.

________   $5   Packet of ten GNU Emacs reference cards.

________  $10   GDB Manual, ~70 pages, side stapled.

________  $15	Texinfo Manual, ~200 pages, spiral bound.  Texinfo is GNU's
		structured documentation system, included with GNU Emacs.
		Texinfo is used to produce both on-line and printed documents.
		This manual describes how to write Texinfo documents.

________  $10   Termcap Manual, ~60 pages, side stapled.  Documents the
		termcap library and GNU's extensions to it.  The GNU termcap
		library is included with GNU Emacs.

________  $10   Bison Manual, ~90 pages, side stapled.

________  $15   Gawk Manual, ~150 pages, spiral bound.

________  $15   Make Manual, ~120 pages, spiral bound.
--------

________  Sub Total

________   If ordering from Massachusetts: add 5% sales tax
		or give tax exempt number.

We pay for shipping via ground transportation in the 
   contiguous 48 states and Canada.

________   In Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico, for shipping:
		- For Emacs Lisp Reference manuals, add $5 each,
		  or $20 per box.  For all other items, add $5 base charge,
		  then $1 per item except Emacs reference cards.
	   If outside of U.S., Canada and Puerto Rico, for shipping costs:
		- for tapes or unboxed manuals (not reference cards),
		  please add $15, and then add $15 more
		  for each tape or unboxed manual in the order:
________	  Shipping cost for tapes and unboxed manuals = $15 + $15 * n;
		- for each box of Emacs Lisp Reference manuals,
________	  please add $70.

________   Optional tax deductible donation.
--------

________   Total paid

Orders are filled upon receipt of check or money order.  We do not have
the staff to handle the billing of unpaid orders.  Please help keep
our lives simple by including your payment with your order.

Please make checks payable to Free Software Foundation.  

Please mail orders to:

   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   675 Massachusetts Avenue
   Cambridge, MA  02139, USA

   +1 617-876-3296


This Order Form is EFFECTIVE February 1, 1991 - July 1, 1991



Name: 
      ----------------------------------------------------------------

Mail Stop/Dept. Name
                     -------------------------------------------------

Organization:
              --------------------------------------------------------

Street Address:
                ------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------

City / State / Province:
                    	 ---------------------------------------------

Zip Code / Postal Code /Country:
                                --------------------------------------

In case of a problem with your order, or for overseas customs agents,
please add your voice telephone number (not your FAX's number):


                              ----------------------------------------

For orders outside the US:  Orders MUST be paid in US dollars.  You are
responsible for paying all duties, tariffs, and taxes.  If you refuse
to pay the charges, the shipper will return or abandon your order.

Please write the telephone number that you want custom agents to call
in the space provided above.

This Order Form is EFFECTIVE February 1, 1991 - July 1, 1991



----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                     -------
                                                    |       |
     Free Software Foundation, Inc.                 | stamp |
     675 Massachusetts Avenue                       |       |
     Cambridge, MA  02139  USA                      | here  |
                                                    |       |
                                                     -------










----------------------------------------------------------------------

