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  1. GNU Free Documentation License
  2. Version 1.1, March 2000
  3. Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  4. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
  5. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  6. of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  7. 0. PREAMBLE
  8. The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
  9. written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
  10. the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
  11. modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
  12. this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
  13. credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
  14. modifications made by others.
  15. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
  16. works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
  17. complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
  18. license designed for free software.
  19. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
  20. software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
  21. program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
  22. software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
  23. it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
  24. whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
  25. principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
  26. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  27. This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
  28. notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
  29. under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
  30. such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
  31. addressed as "you".
  32. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
  33. Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
  34. modifications and/or translated into another language.
  35. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
  36. the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
  37. publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
  38. (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
  39. within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
  40. textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
  41. mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
  42. connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
  43. commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
  44. them.
  45. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
  46. are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
  47. that says that the Document is released under this License.
  48. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
  49. as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
  50. the Document is released under this License.
  51. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
  52. represented in a format whose specification is available to the
  53. general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
  54. straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
  55. pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
  56. drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
  57. for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
  58. to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
  59. format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
  60. subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
  61. not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
  62. Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
  63. ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
  64. or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
  65. HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
  66. PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
  67. by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
  68. processing tools are not generally available, and the
  69. machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
  70. purposes only.
  71. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
  72. plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
  73. this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
  74. formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
  75. the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
  76. preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
  77. 2. VERBATIM COPYING
  78. You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
  79. commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
  80. copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
  81. to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
  82. conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
  83. technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
  84. copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
  85. compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
  86. number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
  87. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
  88. you may publicly display copies.
  89. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
  90. If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
  91. and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
  92. the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
  93. Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
  94. the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
  95. you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
  96. the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
  97. visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
  98. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
  99. the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
  100. as verbatim copying in other respects.
  101. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
  102. legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
  103. reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
  104. pages.
  105. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
  106. more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
  107. copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
  108. a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
  109. Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
  110. general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
  111. charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
  112. option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
  113. distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
  114. Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
  115. until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
  116. copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
  117. the public.
  118. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
  119. Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
  120. them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
  121. 4. MODIFICATIONS
  122. You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
  123. the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
  124. the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
  125. Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
  126. and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
  127. of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
  128. A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
  129. from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
  130. (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
  131. of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
  132. if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  133. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
  134. responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
  135. Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
  136. Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
  137. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
  138. Modified Version, as the publisher.
  139. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  140. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
  141. adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  142. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
  143. giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
  144. terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  145. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
  146. and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
  147. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  148. I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
  149. it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
  150. publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
  151. there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
  152. stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
  153. given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
  154. Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  155. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
  156. public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
  157. the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
  158. it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
  159. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
  160. least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
  161. publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  162. K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
  163. preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
  164. substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
  165. and/or dedications given therein.
  166. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
  167. unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
  168. or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  169. M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
  170. may not be included in the Modified Version.
  171. N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
  172. or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  173. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
  174. appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
  175. copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
  176. of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
  177. list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
  178. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
  179. You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
  180. nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
  181. parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
  182. been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
  183. standard.
  184. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
  185. passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
  186. of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
  187. Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
  188. through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
  189. includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
  190. by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
  191. you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
  192. permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
  193. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
  194. give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
  195. imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
  196. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
  197. You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
  198. License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
  199. versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
  200. Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
  201. list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
  202. license notice.
  203. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
  204. multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
  205. copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
  206. different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
  207. adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
  208. author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
  209. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
  210. Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
  211. In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
  212. in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
  213. "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
  214. and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
  215. entitled "Endorsements."
  216. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
  217. You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
  218. released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
  219. License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
  220. the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
  221. verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
  222. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
  223. it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
  224. License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
  225. other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
  226. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
  227. A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
  228. and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
  229. distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
  230. of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
  231. compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
  232. License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
  233. with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
  234. are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
  235. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
  236. copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
  237. of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
  238. covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
  239. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
  240. 8. TRANSLATION
  241. Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
  242. distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
  243. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
  244. permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
  245. translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
  246. original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
  247. translation of this License provided that you also include the
  248. original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
  249. between the translation and the original English version of this
  250. License, the original English version will prevail.
  251. 9. TERMINATION
  252. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
  253. as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
  254. copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
  255. automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
  256. parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
  257. License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
  258. parties remain in full compliance.
  259. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
  260. The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
  261. of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
  262. versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
  263. differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
  264. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
  265. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
  266. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
  267. License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
  268. following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
  269. of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
  270. Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
  271. number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
  272. as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
  273. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
  274. To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
  275. the License in the document and put the following copyright and
  276. license notices just after the title page:
  277. Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
  278. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  279. under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
  280. or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  281. with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
  282. Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
  283. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
  284. Free Documentation License".
  285. If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
  286. instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
  287. Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
  288. "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
  289. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
  290. recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
  291. free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
  292. to permit their use in free software.